文物考古线图自动化输出方法与系统开发研究

doi:10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026051052

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对现阶段文物数字化保护中人工测绘专业要求高、效率低和误差不一且易造成二次损伤及文物数字化保护中线绘图技术的瓶颈等问题，依托Grasshopper参数化平台，提出了一种无接触式的文物考古线绘图的自动输出方法，并开发了一套自动考古线图生成系统。该方法基于点云预处理后的三维模型，通过四大核心模块实现文物考古线绘图自动化输出：①几何校正模块采用点云协方差矩阵解析与特征向量提取技术，构建旋转矩阵消除扫描姿态偏差，并基于仿射变换实现模型空间基准归零；②几何分割模块通过参数化分割面构造与布尔运算完成模型精准剖切；③投影生成模块基于正交投影算法合成半剖视图与俯视图；④动态标注模块建立模型尺寸与标注字号自适应映射机制实现智能标注。本研究面向具有相对明确形态特征的器物，基于人工干预预处理模型，构建了一套以参数化流程为核心，高效自动输出的文物考古线图系统。在消除人为视觉误差、避免文物二次损伤的同时，显著提升绘图效率与学术规范性，为文物数字化保护提供兼具理论严谨性与工程实用性的技术范式。此外，将进一步开发纹理映射模块，通过高分辨率文物图像贴图提升三维模型的真实感与细节表现，增强系统在文物数字化展示与保护中的应用价值。

关键词: 数字化文物保护, 三维数据采集, Grasshopper系统设计, 文物线绘图, 无接触数据采集

Abstract:

To address the limitations of current digital heritage conservation practices, including the high level of professional expertise required for manual drafting, low drawing efficiency, operator-dependent errors, and the risk of secondary damage to cultural relics during physical measurement, as well as the technical bottlenecks of line-drawing techniques in digital heritage conservation，a non-contact method for the automatic generation of archaeological line drawings was proposed, and an automated archaeological drawing system was developed based on the Grasshopper parametric platform. Using three-dimensional models reconstructed from preprocessed point-cloud data, the proposed method enabled the automated generation of archaeological line drawings through four core modules. First, the geometric correction module analyzed the covariance matrix of the point cloud and extracted its eigenvectors to construct a rotation matrix, thereby correcting deviations caused by scanning posture. An affine transformation was subsequently applied to normalize the spatial reference and reset the model origin. Second, the geometric segmentation module performed accurate model sectioning through the parametric construction of cutting planes and Boolean operations. Third, the projection generation module applied orthographic projection algorithms to produce half-sectional and plan views. Fourth, the dynamic annotation module established an adaptive mapping relationship between model dimensions and annotation font size, thereby enabling intelligent annotation. The system was primarily intended for artifacts with relatively well-defined morphological characteristics. With manual intervention during model preprocessing, it established an efficient archaeological line-drawing workflow centered on parametric processing and automated output. The proposed approach reduced visual errors caused by manual operation, avoided secondary damage to cultural relics, and substantially improved drawing efficiency and adherence to academic standards. It therefore provided a theoretically rigorous and practically applicable technical paradigm for the digital conservation of cultural heritage. Future work will further develop the texture-mapping module by incorporating high-resolution photographs and texture images of cultural relics to enhance the realism and detail representation of three-dimensional models, thereby extending the application value of the system in digital heritage documentation, presentation, and conservation.

Key words: digital heritage conservation, 3D data acquisition, Grasshopper system design, line drawing of cultural relics, contactless data collection

中图分类号:

TN 249
K 854

何一澄, 王旭鹏, 陈文会. 文物考古线图自动化输出方法与系统开发研究[J]. 图学学报, 2026, 47(5): 1052-1061.

HE Yicheng, WANG Xupeng, CHEN Wenhui. Investigation into the creation of automated systems and output techniques for archaeological line maps and cultural relics[J]. Journal of Graphics, 2026, 47(5): 1052-1061.

图/表 11

表1 可移动文物三维数字化采集技术指标[15]

Table 1 Technical indicators for three-dimensional digital acquisition of movable cultural relics[15]

采集成果类型	内容	技术指标
三维扫描数据	点云	平均点间距≤0.05 mm 最大点间距≤0.02 mm
三维扫描数据	网格模型	模型精度≤0.1 mm 模型完整度≥98%
摄影测量纹理模型数据	网格模型	模型精度≤0.15 mm 模型完整度≥95%
摄影测量纹理模型数据	纹理贴图	纹理贴图分辨率≥300 DPI CIEDE2000色差平均值≤3.5

图1 考古绘图输出流程

Fig. 1 Archaeological mapping output process

图2 模型方向矫正三维示意图

Fig. 2 Three-dimensional schematic diagram of model orientation correction flowchart

图3 模型方向矫正Grasshopper流程图

Fig. 3 Model orientation correction Grasshopper

图4 模型分割三维示意图

Fig. 4 3D schematic diagram of model segmentation

图5 模型分割Grasshopper流程图

Fig. 5 Grasshopper flowchart for model segmentation

图6 考古绘图输出三维示意图

Fig. 6 Archaeological mapping outputs 3D schematic diagrams

图7 考古绘图输出Grasshopper流程图

Fig. 7 Archaeological drawings output Grasshopper flowcharts

图8 尺寸标注Grasshopper流程图

Fig. 8 Dimension Grasshopper flowchart

图9 复杂型线绘图案例

Fig. 9 Complex line drawing case

图10 自动绘图与人工制图案例

Fig. 10 Cases of automatic mapping and manual mapping

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