眼控速度与目标移动距离对用户交互绩效的影响

doi:10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2025010233

图学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (1): 233-240.DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2025010233

眼控速度与目标移动距离对用户交互绩效的影响

张婷¹^,²(), 赖建都², 侯冠华³(), 张晶晶²

1.福建理工大学人文学院，福建福州 350118
2.澳门城市大学创新设计学院，澳门 999078
3.宁波大学潘天寿建筑与艺术设计学院，浙江宁波 315000

收稿日期:2024-04-09 接受日期:2024-09-26 出版日期:2025-02-28 发布日期:2025-02-14
通讯作者:侯冠华(1982-)，男，教授，博士。主要研究方向为人机交互设计。E-mail：50477041@qq.com
第一作者:张婷(1984-)，女，副教授，博士研究生。主要研究方向为人机交互设计。E-mail：U22092110041@cityu.mo
基金资助:
福建省社会科学规划课题(FJ2024B180)

The effects of eye-control speed and target travel distance on user interaction efficiency

ZHANG Ting¹^,²(), LAI Jiandu², HOU Guanhua³(), ZHANG Jingjing²

1. School of Humanities, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou Fujian 350118, China
2. Faculty of Innovation and Design, City University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
3. Pan Tianshou College of Architecture Art and Design, Ningbo University, Ningbo Zhejiang 315000, China

Received:2024-04-09 Accepted:2024-09-26 Published:2025-02-28 Online:2025-02-14
Contact: HOU Guanhua (1982-), professor, Ph.D. His main research interest covers human computer interaction. E-mail：50477041@qq.com
First author：ZHANG Ting (1984-), associate professor, PhD candidate. Her main research interest covers human computer interaction. E-mail：U22092110041@cityu.mo
Supported by:
Social Science Planning Subject of Fujian Province(FJ2024B180)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

眼控交互作为一种具有自然交互特性的人机交互方式，能够使用户通过眼睛的运动实现方便快速的实时操作。现有眼控研究多集中在不同轨迹中的匀速绩效比较，与理想眼控交互实际应用还有一定差距。为探究眼控交互环境中不同眼控速度和目标移动距离对用户交互绩效的影响，研究招募23名被试者参与2项眼控实验。实验1采用单因素重复测量实验设计(速度值：2 deg/s，4 deg/s，6 deg/s，8 deg/s)，通过采集任务完成时间和准确率等数据评估不同速度值的交互绩效和用户体验；实验2采用2(速度：匀速、变速)×3(距离：短距、中距、长距)的双因素重复测量实验设计，进一步比较不同眼控距离下匀速和变速的交互性能差异。每位被试者分别在不同速度条件下使用眼睛控制目标移动一定距离。结果表明，用户使用眼睛控制目标进行交互时，6 deg/s是舒适的眼控匀速速度，并在短距或中距的交互中绩效明显更佳；然而，在长距离中变速的眼控交互绩效优于匀速。发现表明速度和距离的交互效应会对眼控交互绩效产生不同影响，可为设计师在眼控速度和目标移动距离参数设计中提供指导，从而改善眼控交互体验。

关键词: 眼控交互, 眼控速度, 目标移动距离, 自然交互, 用户体验

Abstract:

Eye-controlled interaction, as a human-computer interaction method with natural interaction characteristics, can enable users to achieve convenient and fast real-time operations through eye movements. The existing research on eye control has primarily focused on comparing the uniform speed performance across different trajectories, which remains somewhat disconnected from practical applications of eye control. To investigate the impact of different eye control speeds and target movement distances on user interaction performance in an eye control interaction environment, a study recruited 23 participants to participate in two eye control experiments. The first experiment adopted a single-factor repeated measurement experimental design (speed values: 2 deg/s, 4 deg/s, 6 deg/s, 8 deg/s), and evaluated the interaction performance and user experience of different speed values by collecting data such as task completion time and accuracy. The second experiment adopted a dual-factor repeated measurement experimental design of 2 (speed: constant speed, variable speed) ×3 (distance: short distance, medium distance, long distance) to further compare the differences in interaction performance between constant speed and variable speed at different eye control distances. Each participant used their eyes to control the target to move a certain distance under different speed conditions. The results indicated that when users interacted with targets using eye control, 6 deg/s was a comfortable eye control uniform speed, with significantly better interaction performance at short or medium distances. However, the eye control interaction performance of variable speed exceeded that of constant speed over long distances. These findings suggested that the interaction effects of speed and distance could produce varying impacts on eye control interaction performance, providing guidance for designers in designing eye control speed and target movement distance parameters to enhance the eye control interaction experience.

Key words: eye-controlled interaction, eye-control speed, target travel distance, natural interaction, user experience

中图分类号:

TP391
TB472

张婷, 赖建都, 侯冠华, 张晶晶. 眼控速度与目标移动距离对用户交互绩效的影响[J]. 图学学报, 2025, 46(1): 233-240.

ZHANG Ting, LAI Jiandu, HOU Guanhua, ZHANG Jingjing. The effects of eye-control speed and target travel distance on user interaction efficiency[J]. Journal of Graphics, 2025, 46(1): 233-240.

图/表 10

图1 实验界面

Fig. 1 Experimental interface

图2 实验场景

Fig. 2 Experimental scene

图3 实验流程图

Fig. 3 Experimental flow chart

图4 变速过程

Fig. 4 Variable speed process

图5 目标移动距离

Fig. 5 Target travel distance

图6 匀速条件下的任务完成时间

Fig. 6 Task completion time at constant speed (*: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001)

图7 SUS数据结果

Fig. 7 SUS data result

图8 任务完成准确率比较

Fig. 8 Comparison of task completion accuracy (*: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001)

图9 不同距离条件下的完成时间

Fig. 9 The completion time at different distances (*: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001)

图10 交互过程中的往返次数

Fig. 10 The number of round trips during the interaction (*: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001)

参考文献 31

[1]	DREWES H, KHAMIS M, ALT F. Smooth pursuit target speeds and trajectories[C]// The 17th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. New York: ACM, 2018: 139-146.
[2]	NIU Y F, LI X, YANG W J, et al. Smooth pursuit study on an eye-control system for continuous variable adjustment tasks[J]. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2023, 39(1): 23-33.
[3]	ALORAINI S M, GLAZEBROOK C M, SIBLEY K M, et al. Anticipatory postural adjustments during a Fitts' task: comparing young versus older adults and the effects of different foci of attention[J]. Human Movement Science, 2019, 64: 366-377. DOI PMID
[4]	朱潇潇. 基于眼势的眼控界面交互设计研究[D]. 南京: 东南大学, 2019.
	ZHU X X. Eye-controlled interface interaction design and research based on eye gesture[D]. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2019 (in Chinese).
[5]	周小舟, 宗承龙, 郭一冰, 等. 多模态交互中的目标选择技术[J]. 包装工程, 2022, 43(4): 36-44.
	ZHOU X Z, ZONG C L, GUO Y B, et al. A review of target selection techniques in multimodal interaction[J]. Packaging Engineering, 2022, 43(4): 36-44 (in Chinese).
[6]	MROTEK L A, FLANDERS M, SOECHTING J F. Oculomotor responses to gradual changes in target direction[J]. Experimental Brain Research, 2006, 172(2): 175-192. DOI PMID
[7]	KOWLER E, MCKEE S P. Sensitivity of smooth eye movement to small differences in target velocity[J]. Vision Research, 1987, 27(6): 993-1015. PMID
[8]	WOODWORTH R S. Accuracy of voluntary movement[J]. The Psychological Review: Monograph Supplements, 1899, 3(3): 1-106.
[9]	LISBERGER S G, MORRIS E J, TYCHSEN L. Visual motion processing and sensory-motor integration for smooth pursuit eye movements[J]. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 1987, 10: 97-129. PMID
[10]	FITTS P M. The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1954, 47(6): 381-391. PMID
[11]	DENG C L, TIAN C Y, KUAI S G. A combination of eye-gaze and head-gaze interactions improves efficiency and user experience in an object positioning task in virtual environments[J]. Applied Ergonomics, 2022, 103: 103785.
[12]	LEE S C, CHA M C, JI Y G. Investigating smartphone touch area with one-handed interaction: effects of target distance and direction on touch behaviors[J]. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2019, 35(16): 1532-1543.
[13]	YEO A, KWOK B W J, JOSHNA A, et al. Entering the next dimension: a review of 3D user interfaces for virtual reality[J]. Electronics, 2024, 13(3): 600.
[14]	COLLEY A, MAYER S, HENZE N. Investigating the effect of orientation and visual style on touchscreen slider performance[C]// 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York: ACM, 2019: 189.
[15]	NIU Y F, GAO Y, XUE C Q, et al. Improving eye-computer interaction interface design: ergonomic investigations of the optimum target size and gaze-triggering dwell time[J]. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 2020, 12(3): 8.
[16]	HELMERT J R, PANNASCH S, VELICHKOVSKY B M. Influences of dwell time and cursor control on the performance in gaze driven typing[J]. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 2008, 2(4): 3.
[17]	MEYER D E, ABRAMS R A, KORNBLUM S, et al. Optimality in human motor performance: ideal control of rapid aimed movements[J]. Psychological Review, 1988, 95(3): 340-370. PMID
[18]	LOVEJOY L P, FOWLER G A, KRAUZLIS R J. Spatial allocation of attention during smooth pursuit eye movements[J]. Vision Research, 2009, 49(10): 1275-1285. DOI PMID
[19]	BANGOR A, KORTUM P T, MILLER J T. An empirical evaluation of the system usability scale[J]. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2008, 24(6): 574-594.
[20]	GRIER R A, BANGOR A, KORTUM P, et al. The system usability scale: beyond standard usability testing[J]. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2013, 57(1): 187-191.
[21]	王尔卓, 袁翔, 李士岩. 智能家居场景中会话智能体主动交互设计研究[J]. 图学学报, 2020, 41(4): 658-666. DOI
	WANG E Z, YUAN X, LI S Y. Proactive interaction design of conversational agent for smart homes[J]. Journal of Graphics, 2020, 41(4): 658-666 (in Chinese).
[22]	李晓英, 余亚平. 基于多模态感官体验的儿童音画交互设计研究[J]. 图学学报, 2022, 43(4): 736-744.
	LI X Y, YU Y P. Research on interactive design of children's sound and painting based on multimodal sensory experience[J]. Journal of Graphics, 2022, 43(4): 736-744 (in Chinese).
[23]	GEGENFURTNER K R, XING D J, SCOTT B H, et al. A comparison of pursuit eye movement and perceptual performance in speed discrimination[J]. Journal of Vision, 2003, 3(11): 865-876. PMID
[24]	MACKENZIE I S. Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction[J]. Human-Computer Interaction, 1992, 7(1): 91-139.
[25]	MACKENZIE C L, MARTENIUK R G, DUGAS C, et al. Three-dimensional movement trajectories in Fitts' task: implications for control[J]. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1987, 39(4): 629-647.
[26]	YAMADA Y, KOBAYASHI M. Fatigue detection model for older adults using eye-tracking data gathered while watching video: evaluation against diverse fatiguing tasks[C]// 2017 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics. New York: IEEE Press, 2017: 275-284.
[27]	BARNES G R. Cognitive processes involved in smooth pursuit eye movements[J]. Brain and Cognition, 2008, 68(3): 309-326. DOI PMID
[28]	SANTINI T, FUHL W, KÜBLER T, et al. Bayesian identification of fixations, saccades, and smooth pursuits[C]// The 9th Biennial ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications. New York: ACM, 2016: 163-170.
[29]	POLETTI M, RUCCI M. A compact field guide to the study of microsaccades: challenges and functions[J]. Vision Research, 2016, 118: 83-97. DOI PMID
[30]	SHARPE J A. Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of smooth pursuit: lesion studies[J]. Brain and Cognition, 2008, 68(3): 241-254. DOI PMID
[31]	VAN GELDER P, LEBEDEV S, LIU P M, et al. Anticipatory saccades in smooth pursuit: task effects and pursuit vector after saccades[J]. Vision Research, 1995, 35(5): 667-678. PMID

眼控速度与目标移动距离对用户交互绩效的影响

The effects of eye-control speed and target travel distance on user interaction efficiency

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 10

参考文献 31

相关文章 12

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	由芳 , 谢雨锟 , 岳天阳 , 于爱群 , 王建民 , 张惠 . 基于团队态势感知的汽车 HMI 评测与设计方法 [J]. 图学学报, 2021, 42(6): 1027-1034.
[2]	朱永宁 , 葛婷 , 杜盛瑀 , 楼泽如 , 王建民 . 虚拟现实全景流体绘画系统的可用性研究[J]. 图学学报, 2021, 42(5): 833-840.
[3]	成婉莹, 袁翔. 跨设备交互场景下参照域构建方法的设计策略研究[J]. 图学学报, 2021, 42(5): 873-881.
[4]	任英丽, 吴诗瑾. 基于用户体验的多关节主被动训练仪可用性研究[J]. 图学学报, 2021, 42(2): 325-331.
[5]	吕中意. 基于意图认知的复杂电气产品外观设计策略[J]. 图学学报, 2020, 41(5): 779-787.
[6]	侯文军 1,2，唐力行 1,2 . DPC：基于增强现实儿童绘本的多视角评估框架[J]. 图学学报, 2020, 41(2): 178-186.
[7]	胡珊 1，蒋旭 1，符凯杰 1，周明煜 1，罗亦鸣 2，乔忠林 3 . 基于 SEM 的交互式公共导识系统体验设计研究[J]. 图学学报, 2020, 41(2): 204-209.
[8]	李建余1，姜立军1,2，姜立新3. 动感单车的侧倾反馈体验设计研究[J]. 图学学报, 2018, 39(4): 648-653.
[9]	王震亚，张义文. 基于智能场景概念的学习方式及设计研究[J]. 图学学报, 2018, 39(4): 711-715.
[10]	姜立军1,2，李建余1，李哲林1,2，吴章鸿1，张瑜1. 虚拟骑行中的三种导航界面的体验度量[J]. 图学学报, 2018, 39(3): 515-521.
[11]	李永锋，侍伟伟，朱丽萍. 基于灰色层次分析法的老年人APP 用户体验评价研究[J]. 图学学报, 2018, 39(1): 68-74.
[12]	史华星，董黎君. 基于我国端游产品的用户体验设计策略研究[J]. 图学学报, 2016, 37(4): 519-523.