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31 October 2020, Volume 41 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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A review of vortex feature extraction methods for fluid SHAO Xu-qiang, LIU Yi-lin, YANG Yan, LIN Li-na 2020, 41(5): 687-701.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050687 Abstract ( 157 )   PDF (4011KB) ( 128 )   In recent years, flow visualization has become a research hotspot in computer graphics, and one of its most important research goals is the extraction and visualization of vortex features. Since there is still no general definition of vortex, the evidences to determine whether vortex exists are different in the pertinent literature. In order to make a systematic review of the vortex feature extraction methods of fluid, the paper firstly explained the relevant research directions of vortex extraction, and then reviewed and summarized the development of the vortex feature extraction methods of fluids. The commonly used vortex extraction methods were classified into four categories, including point-based, line-based, geometry-based and machine learning-based methods. For the newly proposed invariance of reference frame, the vortex extraction methods were divided into three types, Galilean invariance, rotation invariance and Lagrange invariance. To compare the advantages and disadvantages of various methods, several classical methods of each type were given in the review, therefore providing a clear outline for future studies. Finally, the difficulties and problems of each method were concluded, and the possible future research focus were introduced. Related Articles | Metrics

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Literature survey on stereo vision matching algorithms CHEN Yan, YANG Li-li, WANG Zhen-peng 2020, 41(5): 702-708.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050702 Abstract ( 862 )   PDF (328KB) ( 543 )   Stereo vision is an important means to acquire stereoscopic perception of the real world, which is widely used in autonomous driving and other fields. Stereo matching algorithm serves as the basis for the binocular system to realize perception. This algorithm matches the images captured by the left and right cameras and calculates the depth map, thus providing coordinates for the 3D modeling. There are four stages of stereo matching algorithm, including cost computation, cost aggregation, disparity selection, and disparity refinement. This literature survey summarized the development of stereo matching algorithm from such two research fields as artificial feature and deep learning in the past 20 years, evaluated the accuracy and time complexity, and presented the challenges and prospects of the development of stereo matching algorithms. Related Articles | Metrics

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Hand dynamic 3D reconstruction using multiple keypoint-to-keypoint correspondences FAN Qing1,SHEN Xu-kun1,2 2020, 41(5): 709-715.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050709 Abstract ( 98 )   PDF (1863KB) ( 90 )   We propose a new approach to robustly reconstruct non-rigid hand geometries and motions from single-view depth sequences. On the basis of the assumption that the correspondence between any pair of key points is consistent across all hand poses, a smooth hand mesh template is adopted to provide the shape and topology prior, and several energy functions are introduced to formulate these 3D keypoint-to-keypoint correspondences, which are then incorporated into the available non-rigid registration pipeline to achieve an accurate surface fit. The non-rigid hand motion is captured by minimizing the distortion error between a hand template and the partial input. An iterative solver is employed to gradually refine deformations around joint regions with explicit correspondences, leading to fast convergence and plausible deformations. Extensive experiments on hand depth sequences with noise demonstrate that our approach is capable of reconstructing accurate hand motions, and is robust for large deformations and occlusions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Quartic b-spline methods for numerical solutions convective-diffusion equations QI Zi-xuan, QIAN Jiang 2020, 41(5): 716-724.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050716 Abstract ( 82 )   PDF (390KB) ( 103 )   Based on the quartic B spline function, a quartic B spline method for solving a class of convection-diffusion equations was presented. By means of the conformality of smoothing cofactor method, univariate quartic B spline bases were firstly obtained over uniform knots. Secondly, representations of B splines were calculated at the endpoints with multiple knots on the bounded closed interval. In addition, all the quartic B spline bases possessed good properties, such as non-negative property and partition of unity. Thirdly, univariate quartic B spline functions were applied in solving a class of one-dimensional convection-diffusion equations, where discrete in time was realized by forward finite differences and discrete in space was by quartic spline approximation with the parameter δ introduced. Then the convection-diffusion equation was solved by the quartic B spline functions. Finally, according to the numerical example, the comparison was made between the quartic spline approximation method and the finite difference method, and an intuitive comparison of numerical errors was given, which indicates that the former is more convenient and practical than the latter. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of smooth blending of three-parameter curves and optimization of parameters ZHA Dong-dong, ZHANG Di,LIU Hua-yong 2020, 41(5): 725-732.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050725 Abstract ( 55 )   PDF (836KB) ( 68 )   After constructing the three-parameter basis function with multiple shape parameters, this paper analyzed the excellent properties of the three-parameter basis function, defined the three-parameter curve, and presented the properties of the three-parameter curve. Next, based on the definition of continuity, the condition for smooth blending of three-parameter curves was obtained, and the segmented three-parameter curves were combed ensure the continuity of the combined curves. Then, by comparing the properties of three-parameter curve with the original basis function curve and the cubic B-spline curve, it can be seen that the three-parameter curve is closer to the control polygon, easier to meet the continuous condition, and also capable of adjusting the curve shape. Different models of curve rotating surface can be constructed by changing the values of different parameters. In addition, the energy minimization model was used to determine the single parameter value of the three-parameter curve, for the purpose that a most smooth transition of the curve can be accomplished. On this basis, the parameter optimization of the combined three-parameter curve under the constraint of bending energy was also studied and proved by the curvature vector. Finally, a unique combined three-parameter curve with energy constraints obtained. Related Articles | Metrics

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Adaptive weights image segmentation model based on wavelet transform GU Yu-liang, YI Xu-ming 2020, 41(5): 733-739.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050733 Abstract ( 112 )   PDF (8956KB) ( 218 )   In this paper, in response to the question of the segmentation of images with intensity inhomogeneity and noise, a new adaptive weights image segmentation model was proposed based on the combination of the local and global region intensity information. Firstly, the local and global energy functionals were constructed based on the local and global image intensity information respectively. Secondly, a new adaptive weights function based on the denoising methods of wavelet transform and wavelet threshold was defined by constructing the edge characterization of matrix insensitive to noise. Finally, the defined weights function was utilized to combine local and global terms adaptively to obtain the energy functional of the proposed model. The model’s level-set function was deduced from the variational method, and the finite difference method was employed to realize numerical solution. Experimental results show that the proposed model, which combines the advantages of the Chan-Vese model and the Local Binary Fitting model, can effectively segment images with intensity inhomogeneity and noise and is robust to the positions and shapes of initial contour of evolution curve. Related Articles | Metrics

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Contour recognition and information extraction of human bodies in complex scenes WU Ze-bin1,ZHANG Dong-liang1,LI Ji-tuo2,MA Jing1,XIN Yu-feng3 2020, 41(5): 740-749.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050740 Abstract ( 244 )   PDF (1704KB) ( 132 )   Due to the complexity of background, it is difficult to accurately recognize the contour of human body by traditional image-processing methods based on color space or energy gradient. Neural network can improve the accuracy of recognition. However, due to the large scale of computations and parameters, it is difficult to deploy the general neural network methods in mobile devices. Therefore, we proposed a lightweight neural network to extract human body contours. This network utilized MobileNet V2 and U-Net framework to recognize the contours of human bodies by building a human-body dataset with specific poses for training. The contours of human bodies can be used to measure the sizes of human bodies after the subsequent processes, such as the extraction of key points and analysis of fitting regression. This method can be applied to mobile terminals to measure the body sizes by taking pictures. Experiments show that this method can accurately extract the contours of human bodies in photos with complex backgrounds and measure the body sizes, and that it possesses some advantages over the general neural network in terms of speed and storage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Face anti-spoofing technology based on multi-modal fusion MU Da-qing, LI Teng 2020, 41(5): 750-756.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050750 Abstract ( 209 )   PDF (1041KB) ( 154 )   Most of the previous face anti-spoofing methods employed the manually extracted features or only face features on a single modality, and rarely noticed the differences in multi-channel chroma. Therefore, the face anti-spoofing model was so low in robustness that it could not effectively distinguish between real and fake faces. In view of this, a convolutional neural network (CNN), which substituted the hand-crafted features extraction, was utilized as a feature extractor, and an effective multi-input CNN model was proposed to fuse face features on multiple modalities to achieve more robust face anti-spoofing. Through the joint modeling of features concerning two different color features (i.e. HSV and YCbCr) of the local face patches, as well as the temporal feature, the optimal robust representation of face anti-spoofing was explored. A large number of experiments on two benchmarks of REPLAY_ATTACK and CASIA-FASD show that this method can attain the most advanced performance. Specifically, 0.23% error rate (ERR) and 0.49% half total error rate (HTER) were obtained on REPLAY_ATTACK, and 1.76% error rate and 3.05% half total error rate were yielded on the CASIA-FASD database. Related Articles | Metrics

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Video blind watermarking via spatial transformer networks HU Hai1,LI Ye-fan2,WANG Han2,ZOU Ling3 2020, 41(5): 757-763.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050757 Abstract ( 119 )   PDF (908KB) ( 64 )   This paper presented a novel adaptive video watermarking algorithm based on spatial transformer networks. An adaptive video watermarking was embedded into a block detected by the attention model from spatial transformer networks to resist noise and compress attacks, as well as the geometric attack. According to the attention mechanism derived from the masking behavior of the human perceptual model, a visual saliency block was extracted for further watermarking embedding. Experimental results show that the watermarked video is highly imperceptible and resistant to many degradations and distortions of video, and reaches over 256 bits in watermark capacity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-scale and bilinear models based on temporal convolutional network KONG Zhen1,ZHANG Hua-lu1,2, YUE Sheng-kai3,YUAN Ming-lei3,LU Tong3 2020, 41(5): 764-770.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050764 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (510KB) ( 179 )   The learning capability of such convolutional network models as temporal convolutional network (TCN) is limited to the scale of receptive field, and sometimes it is difficult to mine data from seasonal or long-term information, such as weather data for deep convolutional networks. In order to address this problem, a novel multi-scale and bilinear convolutional neural network was proposed, which was composed of the TCNs layer and bilinear layer. The TCNs layer contained two temporal convolutional networks, each of which extracted useful features independently from the historical data. All TCNs had the same parameters expect for the kernel size, thereby further mining the underlying relevant information in data. The output of the TCNs layer was employed as the input of the bilinear layer, and after normalization, the final output could be eventually calculated, which enhanced feature representation capabilities of the model. The comparisons with five methods on the public datasets of weather forecast show that the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy and performance in terms of the long-time data much better than the TCN. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of high dynamic range images in the non-visual light environment of architectural space LI Kun, GAN Tian 2020, 41(5): 771-778.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050771 Abstract ( 53 )   PDF (1740KB) ( 55 )   High dynamic range image (HDRI) graphics is a technique that uses cameras to take photos of a variety of exposure to obtain the maximum brightness. Non-visual effects affect human biorhythm and play a very important role in human physical and mental health. As a special type of building, it is of significance to carry out research on how to accurately and effectively determine whether the building space of the industrial heritage building meets the health value of non-visual light environment and how to transform the building space to shape a better light environment. A building in Pinghe packing factory in Wuhan was taken as the research object, and the non-visual light environment in the building space was evaluated by the HDRI graphics. The on-site measurement and verification of the light environment was conducted with instruments and the corresponding reconstruction strategy of the building space was put forward. The results show that HDRI mapping technology is an effective method of non-visual light environment measurement, which can be used to study the influence of different factors on non-visual health in buildings and provide basis for future architectural design and decision-making. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exterior design strategies of complex electrical products based on intention cognition LYU Zhong-yi 2020, 41(5): 779-787.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050779 Abstract ( 94 )   PDF (1290KB) ( 80 )   Influenced by multiple feature constraints and function-oriented design philosophy, the complex exterior design of electrical products lays more emphasis on the rationality of engineering technology and integrity of functional expression, but is likely to overlook users’ demand of product cognitive experience. In view of this problem, analyses were made on the design intention generation mode and user intention cognition mode, which led to the summary of three problems in intention cognition: intention exceeding and omission caused by users’ innovation and distortion in cognition, semantic gap incurred by the cognitive difference between designers and users, and comprehension obstacle resulting from users’ simplified cognition. Three strategies for the exterior design of complex electrical products were proposed: putting forward user cognition in design stage by quality function deployment (QFD), building database from continuity and difference perspectives, and group convergence guided by common characteristics of user cognition and engineering constraints. In doing so, on the basis of technical constraints, users can obtain the design intention information and satisfy their emotions, which can enhance the market competitiveness of the exterior design of complex electrical products. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation and optimization of the orchard work platform’s comfortability based on AHP-TOPSIS GAO Xi-yin, WANG He, SONG Qiang, BAI Xin-yu 2020, 41(5): 788-795.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050788 Abstract ( 62 )   PDF (1046KB) ( 67 )   The orchard operating platform is one of the important orchard facilities. In order to optimize the comfort of the orchard operating platform, the AHP-TOPSIS-based method was proposed to evaluate and optimize the comfort of the platform. First, a hierarchical analysis model was established to analyze the comfort of the orchard work platform, evaluating the comfort of four typical models. The evaluation results show that the human-machine interface of the console and the smoothness of workbench movement are the significant factor affecting the comfort of the orchard operating platform. Then take the console of the 3GP-160 self-propelled orchard operating platform as an example, the TOPSIS method was used to determine the priority of the console components, and the console was optimized based on the principles of human-machine interface design. Finally, the RAMSIS objective evaluation method and the scale subjective evaluation method were adopted to evaluate the optimized design plan. The results demonstrate that the optimized console size and layout could meet the requirements of the visible and reachable areas of the human body model, and that the operation posture could be made in a relatively relaxed and comfortable manner, thus satisfying the comfort needs of orchard workers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrated innovative design method of fuzzy Kano and scenario FBS model ZHOU Qi, LI Xu, ZHOU Ji-yan 2020, 41(5): 796-804.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050796 Abstract ( 320 )   PDF (9250KB) ( 261 )   In order to improve the satisfaction coefficient and innovative application of situational toys, an innovative design method based on the fuzzy Kano and situational FBS model was proposed in this paper. First, based on the questionnaires, evaluation forms and investigation result forms of the fuzzy Kano model, investigation and analysis were conducted on different situational toys in the market. According to the priority of the quality elements of the investigation results, the ranking was made to obtain the key design elements. Next, taking the key elements obtained as important goas, the integrated innovation method combining the FBS (function-behavior-structure) and fuzzy Kano model was applied to address the problem of insufficient innovation of situational toys and to explore effective innovation methods and new processes. Through the application of the scenario FBS, the results of the user demand analysis can reflect the actual needs from multiple angles more directly and accurately. Finally, taking the innovative design of a situational toy as an example, the complementary advantages of the fuzzy Kano and scenario FBS model were integrated to effectively improve the satisfaction coefficient of the toy. And the feasibility of the innovative design was verified through the production of physical model, which provided some certain guidance for the demand research on different user groups of the same type of toys. Related Articles | Metrics

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Modeling design and aesthetic rules studies of high-speed train seats based on perceptual image BAI Xiang-tian, DAI Duan 2020, 41(5): 805-813.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050805 Abstract ( 110 )   PDF (4046KB) ( 93 )   Aiming at the ubiquitous problems of design homogenization and poor experience of existing high-speed train seats, the study of the aesthetic rules of high-speed train seats was combined with the method of perceptual image to discuss the design research method and application path of the second-class seats in high-speed train to provide reference and guidance for design practice and industry development. Through the collection and selection of typical samples of high-speed train seats and perceptual image vocabulary, a database of perceptual images was constructed with semantic difference method and Pauta criterion. Then it was imported into SPSS software for principal component analysis. The image vocabulary with larger load and the corresponding typical samples were extracted from the main components according to the component matrix and the sample evaluation scatterplot, and the high matching area of the image vocabulary in the representative sample was further determined to obtain the design elements and their order of priority. Finally, the design practice research and feasibility evaluation were conducted, and the main applicable aesthetic rules were expounded. The research results give more scientific approaches to the aesthetic rules studies of high-speed train. Meanwhile, it also expands the application of perceptual image research and provides effective reference and operation paths for high-speed train seats design catering to passengers’ perceptual image. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the approach to exterior design for metro trains based on extension semantics and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation LI Wei-li1,XIANG Ze-rui1,2, LI Ran1,2, GOU Rui1,DENG Ming-xi1 2020, 41(5): 814-823.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050814 Abstract ( 106 )   PDF (3213KB) ( 99 )   To further enhance and highlight the regional cultural characteristics of metro train appearance, an approach to exterior design for metro trains based on extension semantics and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was proposed from the perspectives of experts and users. Firstly, according to the extension semantics, the concept of cultural primitives was defined, and the triples covering cultural carriers, cultural characteristics, and cultural values were constructed. For the exterior design process of metro trains, the extension semantic analysis and representation steps were provided. Then, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was adopted to evaluate the cultural characteristics of the exterior design of metro trains, and the specific evaluation process was proposed as well. Finally, taking the exterior design of a low-speed B2 type Chengdu metro train as an example, the feasibility of the proposed approach was verified from three aspects: Culture extraction and representation, scheme design and scheme evaluation based on investigations on experts and users. The results show that the method could effectively integrate typical cultural elements into the exterior design of metro trains in the form of semantic symbols, and it would be helpful to improve the regional cultural characteristics of the design scheme. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and application of information management platform in bridge engineering with object-oriented and service-oriented methods WU Jun1,2, SONG Lin3,WANG Bu-yun4,ZHAO Bang-guo4,ZHAO Xi-guo4 2020, 41(5): 824-832.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050824 Abstract ( 94 )   PDF (11935KB) ( 83 )   Based on the current research status of bridge engineering information management, a two-oriented method of “service-oriented architecture + object-oriented programming” was proposed by integrating building information model (BIM), geographic information system (GIS) and computer technology. Meanwhile, an enterprise-level multi-dimensional bridge engineering information management platform based on the BIM technology was built and applied in the entire construction management process of Yan-cheng large-span bridge. The results show that the information management platform solves the problems of decentralized organization, complicated collaborative management and multivariate heterogeneous data in bridge engineering information management,which presents distinct characteristics of multiple spots, long lines and quite wide areas. It provides guidance on site planning and land expropriation for large temporary facilities in the pre-planning stage, assists in intelligent production management of precast elements in the manufacturing stage, and achieves online monitoring management of project progress and technology involved at the construction stage. Arguably, this research has improved the information management level of linear bridge engineering and provided technical support for high-quality construction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Method for automatically repairing physical connection relationship of electromechanical system XU Jing-lin, GAO Shang, YU Fang-qiang, ZHAO Zhen 2020, 41(5): 833-838.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050833 Abstract ( 73 )   PDF (892KB) ( 58 )   The automatic extraction of logical relations of building electromechanical equipment has become one of the key technical points for the application of building information modeling (BIM) from construction to operation & maintenance. In view of the problems in actual engineering projects of BIM models, such as physical connection errors, large numbers of missing points, and the difficulty in automatically extracting the logical connection, a method of automatic repair and efficiency optimization for the physical connection relationship of the building electromechanical system was proposed. Accurate definitions were given in terms of three types of problems, such as cross-file connection breakpoints, misaligned connections, and wrong connection directions. The method for automatic inspection and repair was proposed to fix the problem of the large number of missing physical connections commonly found in existing BIM models. The implementation of this method in projects supported the rapid conversion of the BIM model from construction to operation & maintenance, which was conducive to the implementation of the BIM-based operation & maintenance management of the electromechanical system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on 3D reconstruction method of BIM based on ASIS network ZHU Pan, SHI Jian-yong 2020, 41(5): 839-846.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050839 Abstract ( 139 )   PDF (2476KB) ( 124 )   Automatic generation of building information model (BIM) from point cloud data has been a hot topic in building automation. The disadvantages of automatic 3D building reconstruction based on traditional algorithms include manual design features, complex identification process and limited application scenes. As 3D machine learning matures, there are new ways to deal with point clouds. The point cloud was processed by introducing the network ASIS in instance segmentation, that is, the architectural construction elements were automatically segmented and classified from the scanning of point cloud scene and the instance segmentation matrix was obtained. Then, the external contour parameters of building components were extracted from the obtained instance segmentation matrix based on the bounding box hypothesis, and the external contour parameters and the semantic classification results of segmentation were taken as component parameters of BIM. Finally these extracted component parameters were input into the self-made IFC generator to automatically generate the BIM model based on the Industry Foundation Class (IFC) standard. Experiments show that the method of noise-free point cloud can realize 3D reconstruction of indoor single room based on the hypothesis of Manhattan world. Related Articles | Metrics

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Inspiration on the teaching methods of the engineering drawing course in the Pennsylvania State University TIAN Jie1,WANG Hong-yao1,WU Xin-li2,BUSKIRK Gracevan2 2020, 41(5): 847-853.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050847 Abstract ( 281 )   PDF (2609KB) ( 90 )   In order to accelerate the construction of first-class undergraduate education and improve the quality of engineering talent cultivation, the comparison of teaching modes was made, and new methods were explored from the perspective of internationalization, taking the representative engineering graphics course of the Pennsylvania State University as an example. Specifically, the three-dimension and details of the teaching content were emphasized at abroad. In addition, the teaching practice was based on project design, and the theory and practice were in organic integration. The three-in-one teaching methods, such as film projection, multimedia and whiteboard, could also be employed flexibly. Based on the idea of combining teaching content and design thinking in engineering graphics course of the Pennsylvania State University, explorations and practices were conducted to reform teaching methods according to the present teaching facts in China. The teaching content was modularly arranged through the introductory assembly drawing and the knowledge points presented in the detail drawing. In the meantime, the three-dimensional virtual teaching tool was made to enrich students’ knowledge of three-dimensional shapes and to strengthen their ability of reading drawings. Finally, students were guided to virtually design mechanical components via the SolidWorks software and to extend the application of practical teaching through 3D printing. Compared with the current “detailed and comprehensive” input teaching mode in many universities of China, this reformed teaching method is relatively effective in training students’ expression skills and subjective learning and in producing remarkable learning results. Related Articles | Metrics

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Teaching reform and practice of “teaching-exploring-blueprint reading-mapping” for the course Orientation of Architecture and Cartography in environmental engineering LI Xiang, FAN Xin-yun, XUE Gang, GAO Pin, LIU Ya-nan, YU Yang, LIU Zhen-hong 2020, 41(5): 854-860.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2020050854 Abstract ( 142 )   PDF (3243KB) ( 80 )   Orientation of Architecture and Cartography is one of the most important civil engineering courses for the environmental engineering major. For this major, most universities in China offer architectural and cartography courses. After several years of teaching practice, the four-dimension integrated teaching reform plan of “Teaching-Exploring-Blueprint Reading-Mapping” was proposed and practiced based on the environmental and civil engineering disciplines. Classroom teaching addressed the relationship between environmental engineering and architectural knowledge through the case teaching and flip teaching method. Thus, the students’ understanding and application of knowledge could be strengthened, which could realize a sound teaching-learning interactive connection. With the combination of such three practical activities as blueprint reading, exploration,and mapping, the course highlighted the main role of students and enhanced their capabilities in innovation and critical thinking, hands-on practice, teamwork drawing-recognition, and independent drawing. Aimed at cultivating the comprehensive talent and satisfying the demand for innovation, this course could hopefully lay the civil engineering foundation for students engaging in environmental engineering design and contribute to the cultivation of versatile talent with cross-disciplinary background. Related Articles | Metrics