Table of Contents

31 October 2021, Volume 42 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Review
Image Processing and Computer Vision
Computer Graphics and Virtual Reality
Digital Design and Manufacture
BIM/CIM
Industrial Design
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Table of Contents for Issue 5, 2021 2021, 42(5): 0.  Abstract ( 200 )   PDF (224KB) ( 124 )   Related Articles | Metrics

Review

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Research progress of opponent modeling for agent LIU Chan-juan, ZHAO Tian-hao, LIU Rui-kang, ZHANG Qiang 2021, 42(5): 703-711.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050703 Abstract ( 307 )   PDF (484KB) ( 262 )   Agent is a core term in the field of artificial intelligence. In recent years, agent technology has been widely studied and applied in such fields as autonomous driving, robot system, e-commerce, sensor network, and intelligent games. With the increase of system complexity, the research focus on agent technology has been shifted from single agent to interactions between agents. In scenarios with multiple interactive agents, an important direction is to reason out other agents’ decisions and behaviors, which can be realized through the modeling of other agents involved in the interaction, that is, opponent modeling. Opponent modeling is conducive to reasoning, analyzing, and predicting other agents’ actions, targets, and beliefs, thus optimizing one’s decision-making. This paper mainly focused on the research on opponent modeling of agents, and introduced the opponent modeling technology in agent action prediction, preference prediction, belief prediction, and type prediction. In addition, their advantages and disadvantages were discussed, some current open problems were summarized, and the possible future research directions were presented.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in the research of exogenic lower limb rehabilitation robot  WANG Qiu-hui, YAO Jing-yi 2021, 42(5): 712-718.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050712 Abstract ( 218 )   PDF (580KB) ( 165 )   Lower limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robot is a kind of intelligent equipment providings rehabilitation exercise for the patients with lower limb dyskinesia or impaired mobility. Its development is of great theoretical significance and practical application value for the rehabilitation in China. Human factors engineering research can effectively improve the safety and efficiency of human-computer interaction of lower limb rehabilitation robot HRI. The research progress of human factors engineering of lower limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robot at home and abroad was deeply explored, and its research status and development trend were summarized. The related literatures was analyzed by literature retrieval method. It was found that HRI, gait behavior, structure design and safety issues are the research hotspots in the field of human factors engineering. Starting from human factors, this paper systematically reviewed the research progress and development trend of human factors engineering of lower limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robot at home and abroad, and presented the challenges, research focus and future development trend in the field of human factors engineering of lower limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robot in China.  Related Articles | Metrics

Image Processing and Computer Vision

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Multi-level convolutional neural network for asphalt pavement crack image hierarchical filtering FENG Jun , ZHAO Ying , BI Jian-kang , LAI Bai-jiang , HU Jing-jing 2021, 42(5): 719-728.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050719 Abstract ( 143 )   PDF (5438KB) ( 157 )    The quick and accurate identification and evaluation of asphalt pavement crack disease has become one of the important tasks of pavement maintenance and road safety. There are a number of non-crack images in the actual collected pavement images. On the premise of ensuring that there is no missing filter in the crack image, it is of great practical significance to improve the precision of crack images and true negative rate of non-crack pavement images as high as possible, thus reducing the work intensity of manual filtering, as well as subsequent automatic crack segmentation and disease damage assessment. A multi-level convolutional neural network method for asphalt pavement image filtering was proposed, which consists of three stages, i.e, training, fine-tuning and validation. The input fine-tuning increment of softmax layer was obtained using fine-tuning set. In order to avoid the problem that the precision decreases when the recall of crack image increases, based on the comparison of the similarities and differences of non-crack images excluded by different convolutional neural networks, a hierarchical processing model was proposed, in which the improved AlexNet was employed as the first level filtering network and VGG16 or ResNet50 as the second or third level filtering network. The experimental results on noisy and complex road images show that the three-level hierarchical filtering model can achieve high true negative rate and high accuracy when recalling crack images 100%. Compared with other methods, the experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively solve the problem of missing filter in asphalt pavement crack image, and can produce a better detection effect.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Hyperspectral image classification based on residual 3DCNN and 3D Gabor filter ZHANG Ming-hua , NIU Yu-ying , DU Yan-ling , HUANG Dong-mei, LIU Ke-fu 2021, 42(5): 729-737.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050729 Abstract ( 349 )   PDF (2272KB) ( 162 )   Hyperspectral remote sensing images contains hundreds of spectral bands and rich spectral information, resuling in wideapplications in the classification of ground objects, but there remains the problem of the curse of dimensionality. Hyperspectral images also contain rich texture information which can improve the classification precision significantly. 3D Gabor filter can not only keep rich spectral information of the images, but also extract the image texture features. In order to make full use of the features of hyperspectral images, this paper proposed a hyperspectral image classification model based on 3D Gabor and residual three-dimensional convolution neural network (Res-3DCNN). The 3DCNN can deal with three-dimensional cubic hyperspectral data and extract sufficient texture-spectral information. However, the deepening of convolutional neural network structure will lead to the problem of network degradation. Therefore, the idea of residual learning was applied to the improvement of the performance of 3DCNN. The proposed method was examined with three public hyperspectral data sets of PaviaU, Indian Pines and Salinas, reaching the average classification accuracy of 99.17%, 97.40% and 98.56%, respectively. Experimental results prove that the proposed method can effectively improve the ground targets classification accuracy of hyperspectral images.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Level set image segmentation method combining saliency and edge information  QIN Yu-xing, YI Xu-ming 2021, 42(5): 738-743.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050738 Abstract ( 117 )   PDF (2676KB) ( 127 )   To address the LBF model’s dependence on the initial contour and the weak control over the edge, we investigated a method of the level set image segmentation combining saliency and edge information. First, we generated the image saliency map combined with the theory of wavelet analysis and based on the visual attention mechanism. Then, the edge detection function was constructed using wavelet decomposition information. It was introduced into the improved LBF level set model together with the adaptive initial contour, and the finite difference method was used for numerical solution. The experimental results show that the image segmentation method proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the influence of the initial contour position on the active contour model, and can yield better segmentation results for both synthetic images and natural images. Compared with other traditional methods, it is of higher evolution efficiency and segmentation quality.   Related Articles | Metrics

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A dynasty classification algorithm of ancient murals based on adaptively enhanced capsule network  CAO Jian-fang, YAN Min-min , TIAN Xiao-dong , JIA Yi-ming , JIN Meng-yan 2021, 42(5): 744-754.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050744 Abstract ( 112 )   PDF (5522KB) ( 91 )   In view of the ambiguity of mural images, the differences of mural painting styles in different dynasties, and the high time-consumption and difficulty of the direct traditional manual reference to mural texts or historical documents to identify mural dynasties, an adaptive enhancement capsule network (AEC) algorithm for ancient mural dynasties identification was proposed to automatically identify the dynasties of Mogao Grottoes murals. Based on the original capsule network, the pre-convolution structure was introduced to extract the high-level features of mural images. Secondly, the fitting performance was increased for homogeneous layer activation enhancement model. Finally, the adaptability of the capsule network was enhanced. On the basis of the improved gradient smoothness, the adaptive learning rate was employed to optimize the model, thus improving the classification accuracy of the model. The experimental results show that on the constructed DH1926 mural data set, the accuracy rate of the adaptively enhanced capsule network model is 84.44%, the average accuracy (MAP) is 82.36%, the average recall rate (MAR) is 83.75%, and the comprehensive evaluation index is 83.96%. Compared with other network structures, such as improved convolutional neural network (CNN) and native capsule network, each evaluation index has been improved by more than 3%, and displayed strong fitting performance. It can extract rich features of murals at multiple levels and express more detailed semantic information of images. It is advantageous in higher accuracy and better robustness in the dynasty recognition of Mogao Grottoes murals, and is of certain application value and research significance.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation filter tracking with spatial regularization and sparse constraints  TIAN Dan, ZANG Shou-yu, TU Bin-bin 2021, 42(5): 755-761.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050755 Abstract ( 58 )   PDF (3234KB) ( 66 )   Due to the influence of frequent occlusion, scale variation, boundary effect and other factors, it is often difficult to achieve the desired results in target tracking. At the same time, the traditional feature extraction strategy affects the robustness of target tracking. To address the above problems, we proposed a correlation filter tracking algorithm with spatial regularization and sparse constraints, which utilized the effective fusion of traditional features and deep features to adapt to the changes of the target appearance. Based on the peak side lobe ratio, a judgment was made on whether the target is occluded in the tracking process. If occlusion occurs, sparse constraints are applied to the filter for the improvement of robustness against the occlusion problem. Otherwise, the filter coefficients are adjusted in Gaussian space to suppress the influence of boundary effect. Five sets of standard video sequences in OTB datasets including severe occlusion and scale change, were used to test the tracking performance of the proposed algorithm, and four hot spot algorithms were compared qualitatively and quantitatively. In qualitative analysis, the main challenges of video sequences were compared. In quantitative analysis, the performance of tracking algorithm was compared by center point position error and overlap success rate. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is more robust to the above-mentioned challenges.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Fast affine non-local means image denosing CHEN Ling-ling, ZHOU Xu-dong, XIE Jia-cheng, LIU Qian 2021, 42(5): 762-766.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050762 Abstract ( 98 )   PDF (629KB) ( 94 )   To address the problem of high time consumption of the affine non-local mean (ANLM) algorithm in the denoising process, a fast affine non-local mean denoising (F-ANLM) algorithm was proposed. Through time analysis of the affine non-local mean algorithm, it was known that the two modules, the affine transformation and the calculation of the affine invariant similarity measure, were the most time-consuming. Therefore, the optimization strategy was proposed from these tworegards. The algorithm first employed the included angle of the feature vector of the affine covariant structure tensor instead of the main direction of the SIFT operator, and then rewrote the affine invariant similarity measure in the ANLM method into the form of discrete convolution. In addition, the Fast Fourier Transform was adopted to reduce the amount of convolution operation and accelerate the calculation of similarity measures between affine covariant feature regions. Experiments show that the F-ANLM algorithm can simplify the calculation of affine transformation and affine invariant similarity measures, and greatly increase the speed compared with the original ANLM algorithm.  Related Articles | Metrics

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A reverse fusion instance segmentation algorithm based on RGB-D   WANG Dan-dan, ZHANG Xu-dong, FAN Zhi-guo, SUN Rui 2021, 42(5): 767-774.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050767 Abstract ( 200 )   PDF (3673KB) ( 132 )   The RGB-D images add the Depth information with the given RGB information of the scene, which can effectively describe the color and three-dimensional geometric information of the scene. With the integration of the characteristics of RGB image and Depth image, this paper proposed a reverse fusion instance segmentation algorithm that reversely merged high-level semantic features to low-level edge detail features. In order to achieve RGB-D reverse fusion instance segmentation, this method extracted RGB and depth image features separately using feature pyramid networks (FPN) of different depths, upsampling high-level features to the same size as the bottom-level features. Then reverse fusion was utilized to fuse the high-level features to the low-level, and at the same time mask optimization structurewas introduced to mask branch. The experimental results show that the proposed reverse fusion feature model can produce more excellent results in the research on RGB-D instance segmentation, effectively fusing two different feature image features of Depth image and color image. On the basis of ResNet-101 serving as the backbone network, compared with mask R-CNN without depth information, the average accuracy was increased by 10.6%, and that of the two features was increased by 4.5% with the direct forward fusion.  Related Articles | Metrics

Computer Graphics and Virtual Reality

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Fast hidden line removal method for large-scale 3D substation scene model based on Z-buffer algorithm optimization LUO Guo-liang, WANG Rui , WU Hao , ZHAO Xin , HUANG Xiao-sheng , CAO Yi-qin , LIAO Cheng-hui 2021, 42(5): 775-783.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050775 Abstract ( 127 )   PDF (995KB) ( 104 )   In order to overcome the defects of the application of hidden lines elimination to large-scale 3D scene models, such as high complexity calculation and high time consumption, in this article, a time efficient visualization method was presented for the hidden-line elimination of large substation scenes based on the improved Z-buffer algorithm. First, the original scene model data was integrated and then restructured to simplify the calculation. Secondly, the substation scene model was pixelated through perspective projection transformation. Then a Z-buffer algorithmbased model selection method was proposed to obtain the occlusion relationship of the sub-model of the substation scene, which took the advantage of its pixilation property. Finally, the obtained occlusion relationship lists were merged to the existing hidden line elimination algorithm. Our experimental results prove that the proposed approach can greatly enhance the computing performance of the application of hidden lines elimination to large-scale 3D scene models. Finally, the sub-model occlusion relationship of the substation scene was obtained.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of K-2 ring mesh surface based on quad mean value coordinates TENG Yi-jian, LI Ya-juan, DENG Chong-yang 2021, 42(5): 784-789.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050784 Abstract ( 118 )   PDF (2942KB) ( 66 )    In order to avoid distortions and wrinkles in the surface modeling, the K-2 ring mesh at the inner point of the quad mesh served as the control mesh, a simple and flexible surface construction method was proposed. With a given K-2 ring control mesh, a planar mesh with the same topologyit was constructed. Then the plane mesh was expanded into a spatial quad mesh, and samples were made in the plane mesh. The quad mean value coordinates of the sampling points were later calculated with respect to the vertices of the spatial quad mesh. Finally, the surface was generated using the quad mean value coordinates to ensure that each point on the surface meets C∞ . In this process, a global shape factor h was set to control the degree of approximation between the surface and the initial control mesh. It is proved through examples that the smaller h is, the closer the surface is to the initial control mesh.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Approximate merging of QG-Ball curves using GIMT and arc-length parameterization HU Xian-zhi , LIANG Yan, LYU Dan , HU Gang 2021, 42(5): 790-800.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050790 Abstract ( 45 )   PDF (1858KB) ( 74 )   As an effective technique for the design of complex curve, approximate merging has generated much attention from scholars and been in wide use in CAD/CAM. To address the difficulty in merging generalized Ball curves with parameters, this paper proposed a new method for the approximate merging of QG-Ball curves based on generalized inverse matrix theory (GIMT) and arc-length parameterization. Given two QG-Ball curves, we first calculate a sequence of equal arc-length parameters of the QG-Ball curves by using approximate arc-length parameterization algorithm; Based on the sequence of parameters GIMT, and curve fitting algorithm, an explicit expression was presented to calculate the control points of approximate merged QG-Ball curve. To verify the effectiveness of the method, numerical examples were provided and the merging errors were discussed. The experimental results show that the proposed method not only can efficiently realize the approximate merging of QG-Ball curves, which is of high operability and easy for error calculation, but also can be extended to other curves conveniently.  Related Articles | Metrics

Digital Design and Manufacture

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Research on comprehensive evaluation method of gun-launched missile manufacturing quality  LIU Wen-jun, YANG Jian-xin, LAN Xiao-ping, WANG Bo, YANG Yi-ming, LI Cui-xia 2021, 42(5): 801-808.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050801 Abstract ( 91 )   PDF (641KB) ( 63 )   Aiming at the problems of high cost of sampling test, difficulty in evaluating the quality of batch gun-launched missiles, and ineffective use of manufacturing quality data in the manufacturing quality evaluation process of gun-launched missile, the manufacturing quality comprehensive evaluation method of gun-launched missile was studied. Firstly, the manufacturing quality comprehensive evaluation framework of gun-launched missile was put forward, and the manufacturing quality comprehensive evaluation process of gun-launched missile was standardized. The key characteristics determined based on failure mode analysis method were taken as evaluation indexes, and the manufacturing quality evaluation index system covering the purchasing, machining, assembling, and testing of the manufacturing process was constructed. The weight of each evaluation index was determined by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Based on the production process capability index, the manufacturing quality evaluation calculation model was constructed, and the aggregation model of manufacturing quality evaluation was established based on weighted sum method and weighted geometric average method, so as to form a two-layer manufacturing quality evaluation model of gun-launched missile. The manufacturing quality evaluation of gun-launched missile was realized by making full use of the inspection data of key characteristics in the manufacturing process. Finally, taking a certain type of gun-launched missile as an example, the operability, feasibility, and effectiveness of the manufacturing quality comprehensive evaluation method were verified.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on rat hole inspection method of vehicle body based on fitting projection  GUO Peng, DONG Yu-de, WU Wen-zhe 2021, 42(5): 809-815.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050809 Abstract ( 188 )   PDF (1668KB) ( 103 )   The rat hole formed by the assembly and welding of sheet metal parts in the design and manufacturing process of automobile body affects the safety performance and spatial structure of the whole vehicle to some extent. In order to solve the problems of complex procedures and low efficiency for inspecting rat hole size, a method of rat hole inspection for vehicle body based on fitting projection was proposed. Firstly, the contour curve was fitted and projected to the section by creating the rat hole edge contour section. Secondly, the grid partition mechanism of equidistant space within the projection contour was established, and mesh nodes were selected by using the principle of “minimum sum of squares of residual errors” of the least square method. Finally, the best approximation definition was employed to extract the center track point and the maximum radius of the inner tangent circle. Using CATIA software as the development platform and combined with CAA framework structure, the rat hole inspection function was realized. The example analysis shows that the inspection result can attain high accuracy, efficient function strong self-adaptability, and effectively shortened cycle of product research and development.   Related Articles | Metrics

BIM/CIM

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BIM-based algorithm for automatic generation of semantic as-designed point cloud of reinforcement skeleton  LIU Shi-long, MA Zhi-liang 2021, 42(5): 816-822.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050816 Abstract ( 218 )   PDF (944KB) ( 185 )   At present, the quality inspection of the reinforcement skeleton of prefabricated components mainly relies on manual labor, which is time-consuming and error-prone. BIM (building information model), 3D reconstruction and other technologies provide the possibility of improving the quality inspection method of the reinforcement skeleton of the prefabricated components. When using these technologies, it is necessary to generate a point cloud that can distinguish each steel bar from the BIM model of the reinforcement skeleton. Therefore, the concept of the semantic as-designed point cloud was proposed, and a BIM-based algorithm for automatic generation of the semantic as-designed point cloud of reinforcement skeleton was built. First, the algorithm extracts each steel bar from a BIM model and stores them in separate files. Then, the format of these files is converted, and the semantic as-designed point cloud of each steel bar is generated. Finally, a semantic as-designed point cloud of the reinforcement skeleton is generated based on the semantic as-designed point cloud of each steel bar. The algorithm was experimentally verified with a simple reinforcement skeleton and a complex reinforcement skeleton respectively. The result shows that the algorithm can automatically and quickly generate an accurate sematic as-designed point cloud of a reinforcement skeleton.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on web-oriented visualization method of 3D architectural model  BIAN Gen-qing, CHEN Wei-tao 2021, 42(5): 823-832.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050823 Abstract ( 286 )   PDF (1434KB) ( 250 )   Aiming at the problems of poor model semantic integrity and weak data interoperability in the current industrial foundation class (IFC) standard file and WebGL framework integration scheme, a set of building information model (BIM) data network visualization implementation schemes are proposed. The program uses IFC standard files as the input data source, first reconstructs the BIM model, and proposes a component instance hierarchical split strategy based on the IFC structure tree to implement the digital and analog separation of the original IFC file. Then, the reconstructed IFC model file is converted to the glTF format file, and the dual relational mapping of geometric space and semantic attributes is completed in the conversion process. Finally, the BS-AB scene component visibility detection algorithm based on the Bounding Volume Hierachy (BVH) structure is proposed to perform the construction component Visibility culling. The experimental results show that this method can significantly reduce BIM model data redundancy, efficiently complete the elimination of invisible components in complex BIM scenes, and reduce the overhead of the rendering pipeline. It is a provides a feasible reference solution for the visualization of BIM model data based on the IFC standard and WebGL framework integration scheme. Network visualization provides a feasible reference solution.  Related Articles | Metrics

Industrial Design

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A usability study of panoramic fluid painting system in immersive virtual environments  ZHU Yong-ning , GE Ting , DU Sheng-yu , LOU Ze-ru , WANG Jian-min 2021, 42(5): 833-840.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050833 Abstract ( 140 )   PDF (2981KB) ( 225 )   Immersive Virtual Environments (IVEs) bring more realistic immersion and in-person experience to 3D scenes. Besides, 360-degree panoramic images are imperative for the effective creation of immersive environment backgrounds. Panoramic Fluid Painting (PFP) introduces a novel creative tool for panoramic painting with fluid dynamics. In this paper, the applicability of virtual reality technologies was investigated in the field of fluid painting. Specifically, the user testing method, operation log analysis, post-hoc questionnaire, and interview were employed to study the usability of the PFP system in virtual reality environments. Then, the operation log was investigated to facilitate procedural analysis. All testers believe that the usability of the system was no lower than the average level, and even a novice user can use the system to complete the creation of fluid painting pieces. The users primarily held positive opinions on the function and effects of the system, insisting that such interaction methods of the handle would enhance the expression of artistic creation. The methods and results of the research would provide a reference for the development and evaluation of similar systems.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Customized design method of ankle-foot orthosis oriented to the needs of key users ZHANG Fang-lan, LIU Long-ji, YAO Wan-tong 2021, 42(5): 841-848.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050841 Abstract ( 104 )   PDF (5530KB) ( 107 )   Aiming at the problems of poor adaptability and low user satisfaction of the existing Ankle-Foot Orthosis (AFO), an AFO custom design process and method oriented to key users’ needs was proposed. The original user needs were identified through user interviews and questionnaire surveys, and the weight of key users’ needs was established through factor analysis and analytic hierarchy process. Then the TRIZ theory was adopted to resolve conflicts of key demands and specify product innovation directions. With the help of 3D scanning technology and reverse engineering software, an accurate digital model of calf plus foot was obtained, and 3D modeling was employed to construct AFO basic model based on the characteristics of calf plus foot bone and physiological surface. The model was topologically optimized in Ansys Workbench to generate the AFO lightweight design plan. Finally, through the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation by analyzing the deviations, it is determined that the design scheme is of high adaptability, which verifies the feasibility of the customized design process and method.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Design evaluation and improvement of Children’s scooter based on FDM and FAHP WANG Zhi-yuan, DAI Zhi-peng 2021, 42(5): 849-855.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050849 Abstract ( 181 )   PDF (1422KB) ( 109 )   The influencing factors of the design evaluation of children’s scooter are complex and diverse, and it is difficult to measure the importance of these factors to product design through quantitative methods. Fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) was employed to quantitatively screen product design evaluation index elements, and a hierarchical index model for design of children’s scooter was established. Then, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) was adopted to calculate the weight of each indicator element, the design plan was comprehensively evaluated, and the overall evaluation score of children’s scooter was obtained. Finally, the suggestions for optimization and improvement were proposed. The combination of FDM and FAHP can systematically design and evaluate products quantitatively, reduce non-objective factors in the design process, make the design more scientific, rational and rigorous, which also provides a quantifiable reference basis for the selection and optimization of children’s product design schemes.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation and optimal selection of invisible orthodontic schemes based on analytic hierarchy process LI Zhan-li, DANG Qi, LI Hong-an, LIU Tong-xin, ZHANG Yun 2021, 42(5): 856-865.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050856 Abstract ( 166 )   PDF (2034KB) ( 77 )   With the development of science and technology, the dental orthodontic software system can automatically generate several orthodontic schemes. Aiming at the problem of how to help doctors and patients choose the most satisfactory scheme, a comprehensive evaluation and selection method for the invisible orthodontic scheme based on the analytic hierarchy process was proposed. In light of the orthodontic standards commonly used by orthodontists and the basic demands of patients, this paper proposed a hierarchical model for selecting the best invisible orthodontic scheme. The model took into account such three dimensions as occlusion, aesthetics, and orthodontic costs, and encompassed eleven orthodontic indicators, such as occlusion contact, crowding degree of dentition, dental arch symmetry, tooth movement difficulty, orthodontic cycle, and cost. The analytic hierarchy process was utilized to construct a paired comparison matrix, pass the consistency test, determine the weight of each index and each program, calculate the comprehensive weight, and conduct the sorting, thusobtaining the optimal program. Based on case studies, the paper conducted experiments on different cases, and resorted to the expert scoring method for experimental comparison. The results show that the comprehensive evaluation based on the analytic hierarchy process can provide an effective reference for doctors and patients to choose an appropriate invisible orthodontic scheme.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of folding mechanism of camping stroller based on extension innovation method and TRIZ theory  WANG Jun, SUN Shuai 2021, 42(5): 866-872.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050866 Abstract ( 167 )   PDF (887KB) ( 139 )   Aiming at the problems of low folding efficiency and clumsiness in the existing folding methods of camping stroller, various folding methods were comprehensively employed to address them. First, based on the analysis of the folding structure of the existing camping stroller, the problem to be solved were identified. Second, a problem model was established based on the primitive theory, and the TRIZ theory was adopted to query and determine the invention problem solving principle to solve the corresponding problem, and expand it with extension. The transformation was analyzed and extended to obtain a solution, and finally the best solution was selected with the help of superiority evaluation. Through the example design of the camping stroller, the optimization was realized in terms of its folding time, folding process, and lightweight target problems, and it was proved that the combination of extension analysis and the invention problem solving principle in TRIZ can improve the problem solving efficiency and provide reference for future product innovation and screening solutions.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on design strategy of referential domain formulation methods in cross-device interaction   CHENG Wan-ying, YUAN Xiang 2021, 42(5): 873-881.  DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2021050873 Abstract ( 132 )   PDF (6237KB) ( 103 )   Aimed at the content transfer problem of cross-device interaction in smart homes, the visibility of interaction was defined in terms of reference type and number of artifacts, and on this basis, four referential domain formulation methods (physical, coupled physical and digital, digital, and natural) were proposed. The “Wizard of Oz” experiment facilitated the exploration of the impact of four methods on the user experience in a single task scenario and primary and secondary task scenarios. The experimental results show that the difference in the user experience of different methods in the same scenario and that of the same method in different scenarios. Conclusions are drawn from two aspects: ① The differences in the method: the physical is efficient and interesting, the coupled is the most interesting but not very practical, the digital is the most practical but too conventional, and the natural is the most practical in the primary and secondary task scenarios. ② The difference in scenarios: users focus on practicality in the primary and secondary taskscenarios, while in the single task scenario they focus on both practicality and hedonism.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Vol.42, No.4, 2021 2021, 42(5): 882-882.  Abstract ( 118 )   PDF (48643KB) ( 44 )   Related Articles | Metrics