基于风险表征的车内辅助信息设计模型

doi:10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2025040909

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究信息如何精准表征风险以辅助驾驶员准确感知环境，设计包含不同模态、变量和参数的信息样本进行紧迫度和扰人度感知测量实验，并根据感知测量结果，构建包含模态排序、变量选择和参数寻优的3层次车内辅助信息设计模型。首先，针对视觉、听觉和触觉模态，分别对比其各个设计变量的紧迫度感知差分灵敏度，选择差分灵敏度最高的设计变量作为该模态的风险表征变量，通过该模态的参数水平变化表征风险变化。其次，针对每个非风险表征变量，分别比较其不同参数水平的感知紧迫度与扰人度差值，并将差值最大的参数水平作为该变量的最佳参数水平，结合风险表征变量构建各个模态的辅助信息模型。然后，拟合3个模态的紧迫度和扰人度线性方程，观察同紧迫度下各个模态的扰人度差异，按照高紧迫低扰人原则进行模态优先级排序。最后，按照顺序对各个模态辅助信息模型进行叠加，形成“4级视觉闪烁频率+5级触觉震动占空比+6级听觉脉冲间隙”的多模态车内辅助信息模型。构建的车内辅助信息模型，可以实现对15级环境风险的精准表征，为驾驶员准确感知环境、保障驾驶安全提供了有益地帮助。

关键词: 车内辅助信息, 风险表征, 感知紧迫度, 扰人度, 差分灵敏度

Abstract:

In order to study how information can accurately characterize risk to assist drivers in accurately perceiving the environment, information samples containing different modalities, variables and parameters were designed to conduct urgency and annoyance perception measurement experiments. Based on the results of the perception measurements, a three-level in-vehicle auxiliary information design model containing modal ordering, variable selection and parameter optimization was constructed. Firstly, for visual, auditory and tactile modalities, the differential sensitivity of urgency perception of each design variable was compared. The design variable with the highest differential sensitivity was selected as the risk characterization variable of the modality, and the risk changes were characterized by the parameter level changes of the modality. Second, for each non-risk characterization variable, differences between the perceived urgency and disturbance at different parameter levels were compared, the parameter level with the largest difference was designated the optimal parameter level for the variable, and the auxiliary information model was constructed for each modality by combining the risk characterization variables. Then, linear equations of urgency and perturbation were fitted for the three modes, the difference in perturbation of each modality under the same urgency was observed, and the modes were prioritized according to the principle of high urgency and low perturbation. Finally, each modal auxiliary information model was superimposed in order to form a multimodal in-vehicle auxiliary information model with “4-level visual flicker frequency + 5-level tactile vibration duty cycle + 6-level auditory pulse gap”. The constructed in-vehicle auxiliary information model can accurately characterize 15 levels of environmental risks, thereby supporting accurate driver perception and enhancing driving safety.

Key words: in-vehicle auxiliary information, risk characterization, perceived urgency, intrusiveness, differential sensitivity

中图分类号:

U463.6

柯善军, 王钰苗, 聂成洋, 何邦胜, 郭栋. 基于风险表征的车内辅助信息设计模型[J]. 图学学报, 2025, 46(4): 909-918.

KE Shanjun, WANG Yumiao, NIE Chengyang, HE Bangsheng, GUO Dong. Design model of in-vehicle auxiliary information based on risk representation[J]. Journal of Graphics, 2025, 46(4): 909-918.

图/表 25

表1 视觉变量测试表

Table 1 Visual variable test table

变量	视觉参数
图标大小/px	24	36	48	60	72	84	96
闪烁频率/Hz	1	2	5	10	20
图标颜色	白色	绿色	黄色	橙色	红色

表2 触觉变量测试表

Table 2 Tactile variable test table

变量	触觉参数
震动IPI/ms	9	50	60	118	238	302	475
占空比/%	20	40	60	80	100

表3 听觉变量测试表

Table 3 Auditory variable test table

变量	听觉参数
声音基频/Hz	500	1 000	1 500	2 000	2 500	3 000	3 500	4 000
声音 IPI/ms	5	50	60	118	238	302	475
声音响度/dB	40	50	60	70	80	90

图1 座椅震动实验设备((a) 震动器及座椅；(b) 控制模块)

Fig. 1 Seat vibration experiment equipment ((a) Vibrators and seats; (b) Control modules)

图2 驾驶仿真实验设备

Fig. 2 Driving simulation experiment equipment

图3 听觉频率变化的主客观感知结果

Fig. 3 Subjective and objective perception results of auditory frequency changes

图4 视觉变量的主客观感知拟合((a) 主观；(b) 客观)

Fig. 4 Subjective and objective perception fitting of visual variables ((a) Subjective; (b) Objective)

图5 触觉变量的主客观感知拟合((a) 主观；(b) 客观)

Fig. 5 Subjective and objective perception fitting of tactile variables ((a) Subjective; (b) Objective)

图6 听觉变量的主客观感知拟合((a) 主观；(b) 客观)

Fig. 6 Subjective and objective perception fitting of auditory variables ((a) Subjective; (b) Objective)

图7 视觉颜色各参数的紧迫度与扰人度差值

Fig. 7 Difference in urgency and annoyance levels for various parameters of visual color

图8 视觉像素各参数的紧迫度与扰人度差值

Fig. 8 Difference in urgency and annoyance levels for various parameters of visual pixels

图9 视觉闪烁各参数的紧迫度与扰人度差值

Fig. 9 Difference in urgency and annoyance levels for various parameters of visual flicker

图10 声音基频各参数的紧迫度与扰人度差值

Fig. 10 Difference in urgency and annoyance levels for various parameters of sound fundamental frequency

图11 声音响度各参数的紧迫度与扰人度差值

Fig. 11 Difference in urgency and annoyance levels for various parameters of sound loudness

图12 声音IPI各参数紧迫度与扰人度差值

Fig. 12 Difference in urgency and annoyance levels for various parameters of sound IPI

图13 震动占空比各参数的紧迫度与扰人度差值

Fig. 13 Difference in urgency and annoyance levels for various parameters of vibration duty cycle

图14 震动IPI各参数的紧迫度与扰人度差值

Fig. 14 Difference in urgency and annoyance levels for various parameters of vibration IPI

表4 设计变量最优参数表

Table 4 Optimal parameter table for design variables

模态	变量	最优参数
视觉	颜色	红色
	大小	96 px
	闪烁	闪烁基频5 Hz
听觉	声音频率	3 000 Hz
	声音间隔	50 ms
	声音响度	70 dB
触觉	震动占空比	高电平占80%
触觉	震动IPI	475 ms

图15 紧迫度与扰人度关系图

Fig. 15 Relationship diagram of urgency and annoyance levels

表5 紧迫度与扰人度拟合方程值

Table 5 Fitted equation values for urgency and annoyance

模态	斜率	截距	R²
视觉	1.05±0.03	5.71±1.61	0.997
触觉	1.17±0.02	2.57±0.72	0.998
听觉	0.93±0.04	-4.57±2.55	0.991

图16 最优参数感知中心散点图

Fig. 16 Scatter plot of perception centers for optimal parameters

图17 视觉感知变化图

Fig. 17 Visual perception change diagram

图18 触觉感知变化图

Fig. 18 Tactile perception change diagram

图19 听觉感知变化图

Fig. 19 Auditory perception change diagram

表6 车内辅助信息设计模型

Table 6 In-Vehicle assistance information design model

非风险表征变量	模态	风险表征变量参数			信息辅助等级/n
最优参数	模态	视觉变量(闪烁)/Hz	触觉变量(占空比)/%	听觉变量(声音IPI)/ms	信息辅助等级/n
		1			1
颜色：红色	视觉	2			2
大小：96像素	视觉	5			3
		10			4
		10	20		5
	视觉 + 触觉	10	40		6
震动IPI：475 ms		10	60		7
		10	80		8
		10	100		9
	视觉 + 触觉 + 听觉	10	100	475	10
		10	100	302	11
声音频率：3 000 Hz		10	100	238	12
声音响度：70 dB		10	100	118	13
		10	100	60	14
		10	100	50	15

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