基于视觉选择性注意的车载仪表盘界面交互设计研究

doi:10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026040927

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对智能网联汽车驾驶场景中车载仪表盘信息过载引发的视觉干扰与认知负荷增加等问题，基于视觉选择性注意理论，探究信息权重、布局位置及色彩要素对驾驶员注意分配与信息获取效率的影响规律，构建提升界面可读性与认知效率的设计策略。首先，采用层次分析法(AHP)构建车载仪表盘信息层级模型，确定关键仪表信息的权重关系；其次，通过眼动实验，以中心型布局和哑铃型布局为研究对象，分析车速、电量与续航里程、功率及档位等高权重信息在不同布局下的认知效率差异；随后，运用k-means聚类算法提取主色、背景色、字体色及辅助色等视觉特征，总结车载仪表盘界面的配色规律；最后，基于研究结果提出界面设计策略，并结合系统可用性评价、眼动实验及用户偏好评价对设计方案进行综合验证，筛选最优方案。研究结果表明：行车基本信息在整体信息体系中权重最高，其中车速、电量与续航里程、功率及档位是驾驶过程中最受关注的核心信息；高权重信息布局于视觉中心及其邻近区域时，可显著提升信息搜索与识别效率；色彩方面，蓝色及蓝绿色系为当前仪表盘界面的主流配色，能够兼顾信息可读性与视觉舒适性。综合评价结果显示，所构建界面方案具有良好的系统可用性，以中心型布局结合蓝绿色配色方案在认知效率与用户偏好方面表现最优。基于视觉选择性注意理论构建的信息层级、布局优化与色彩设计策略能够有效优化仪表盘信息结构与视觉呈现方式，提升信息识别效率与界面可读性，为智能网联汽车仪表盘界面的设计与开发提供理论依据和实践参考。

关键词: 视觉选择性注意, 车载仪表盘, 界面交互设计, 驾驶安全, 人机交互

Abstract:

In intelligent connected vehicle driving scenarios, the increasing complexity of in-vehicle instrument cluster information has led to heightened visual interference and greater cognitive workload for drivers. Based on the theory of selective visual attention, this study investigated the effects of information weighting, spatial layout, and color attributes on drivers’ attentional allocation and information acquisition efficiency, and developed corresponding design strategies aimed at improving interface readability and cognitive efficiency. This research was organized around three dimensions: “information weight-layout positioning-color characteristics.” First, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to construct a hierarchical model of in-vehicle instrument cluster information, allowing the extraction and quantification of the weight relationships among key information elements. Second, eye-tracking experiments were conducted with center-aligned and dumbbell-shaped layouts as the primary experimental conditions to analyze differences in cognitive efficiency for high-weight information, including vehicle speed, battery level and remaining range, power output, and gear status, under different spatial configurations. Third, a k-means clustering algorithm was applied to extract visual characteristics such as primary color, background color, font color, and auxiliary color, thereby summarizing the color design patterns of in-vehicle instrument cluster interfaces. Finally, based on the research findings, interface design strategies were proposed, and a comprehensive evaluation was conducted through system usability assessment, eye-tracking analysis, and user preference testing to validate the design solutions and identify the optimal scheme. The results indicated that essential driving information had the highest overall weight within the information system. Among these, vehicle speed, battery level and remaining range, power output, and gear status were identified as the most critical information elements receiving the greatest driver attention during driving tasks. When high-weight information was arranged in the visual center and its surrounding regions, both information search efficiency and recognition efficiency were significantly improved. In terms of color design, blue and blue-green color schemes are the mainstream visual styles for current instrument cluster interfaces, effectively balancing readability and visual comfort. The evaluation results further demonstrated that the proposed interface solutions exhibited good system usability. In particular, the center-aligned layout combined with a blue-green color scheme achieved superior performance in both cognitive efficiency and user preference. In conclusion, the information hierarchy, layout optimization, and color design strategies constructed based on the theory of selective visual attention effectively optimized the information structure and visual presentation of in-vehicle instrument clusters. These strategies significantly enhanced information recognition efficiency and interface readability, providing both theoretical foundations and practical guidance for the design and development of intelligent connected vehicle instrument cluster interfaces.

Key words: visual selective attention, vehicle dashboard, interface interaction design, driving safety, human-computer interaction

中图分类号:

TP391
U463.7

喻显媛, 朱兆华, 吴静桐, 唐甜甜, 王文宇. 基于视觉选择性注意的车载仪表盘界面交互设计研究[J]. 图学学报, 2026, 47(4): 927-939.

YU Xianyuan, ZHU Zhaohua, WU Jingtong, TANG Tiantian, WANG Wenyu. Research on dashboard interface interaction design based on visual selective attention[J]. Journal of Graphics, 2026, 47(4): 927-939.

图/表 30

图1 车载仪表界面信息层次结构模型

Fig. 1 Hierarchy model of info on car dashboards

表1 层次分析法确定的信息权重值

Table 1 Information weighting values determined by AHP

准则层	权重值	方案层	初始权重值	综合权重值
行车基本信息(B1)	0.528 6	车速信息(C1)	0.346 0	0.182 9
		功率信息(C2)	0.153 9	0.081 4
		档位信息(C3)	0.093 8	0.049 6
		电量及续航里程信息(C4)	0.275 1	0.145 4
		日期与时间信息(C5)	0.024 6	0.013 0
		温度信息(C6)	0.031 4	0.016 6
		驾驶模式信息(C7)	0.075 4	0.039 9
车辆状态信息(B2)	0.218 4	里程信息(C8)	0.054 4	0.011 9
		故障与指示信息(C9)	0.491 5	0.107 3
		胎压监测信息(C10)	0.328 3	0.071 7
		能量记录信息(C11)	0.125 8	0.027 5
驾驶辅助信息(B3)	0.205 6	地图导航信息(C12)	0.519 7	0.106 9
		自适应巡航提示信息(C13)	0.108 5	0.022 3
		车道偏离预警信息(C14)	0.180 3	0.037 1
		前向碰撞预警信息(C15)	0.191 5	0.039 4
娱乐与通讯信息(B4)	0.047 4	音乐播放信息(C16)	0.310 2	0.014 7
		电台播放信息(C17)	0.319 0	0.015 1
		通讯信息(C18)	0.370 8	0.017 6

图2 车载仪表界面信息方案层权重排序

Fig. 2 Sorting of information weight in vehicle dashboard interfaces

图3 界面区域划分((a) 中心型布局；(b) 哑铃型布局)

Fig. 3 Interface area division ((a) Central layout; (b) Dumbbell-shaped layout)

图4 眼动实验素材((a) 车速；(b) 电量及续航里程；(c) 功率；(d) 档位)

Fig. 4 Eye-tracking experiment materials ((a) Vehicle speed; (b) Battery level and range; (c) Power; (d) Gear position)

图5 布局位置研究实验场景

Fig. 5 Layout position research experimental scenarios

图6 哑铃型布局车速位置因素下的首次注视时间和总反应时((a) 首次注视时间；(b) 总反应时) 注：*表示p<0.05。

Fig. 6 First fixation duration and total response time under dumbbell-shaped layout considering vehicle speed position factors ((a) First fixation duration; (b) Total response time)

图7 哑铃型布局电量及续航里程位置因素下的首次注视时间和总反应时((a) 首次注视时间；(b) 总反应时) 注：**表示p<0.01。

Fig. 7 First fixation duration and total response time under dumbbell layout considering factors of battery level and driving range location ((a) First fixation duration; (b) Total response time)

表2 哑铃型布局电量及续航里程位置因素的成对比较

Table 2 Pairwise comparison of power and range location factors for dumbbell layout

测量指标	位置(I)	位置(J)	平均值差值(I-J)	标准误差	显著性^b	差值的 95%置信区间^b
测量指标	位置(I)	位置(J)	平均值差值(I-J)	标准误差	显著性^b	下限	上限
首次注视时间	d₁	d₂	0.328*	0.087	0.002	0.108	0.548
	d₁	d₃	0.109	0.098	0.831	-0.141	0.359
	d₂	d₁	-0.328*	0.087	0.002	-0.548	-0.108
	d₂	d₃	-0.219*	0.068	0.010	-0.393	-0.045
	d₃	d₁	-0.109	0.087	0.831	-0.359	0.141
	d₃	d₂	0.219*	0.068	0.010	0.045	0.393
总反应时	d₁	d₂	0.438*	0.073	0.000	0.251	0.624
	d₁	d₃	0.008	0.099	1.000	-0.243	0.260
	d₂	d₁	-0.438*	0.073	0.000	-0.624	-0.251
	d₂	d₃	-0.429*	0.096	0.000	-0.673	-0.185
	d₃	d₁	-0.008	0.099	1.000	-0.260	0.243
	d₃	d₂	0.429*	0.096	0.000	0.185	0.673

图8 中心型布局电量及续航里程位置因素下的首次注视时间和总反应时((a) 首次注视时间；(b) 总反应时) 注：**表示p<0.01。

Fig. 8 First fixation duration and total response time under central layout considering factors of battery level and driving range location ((a) First fixation duration; (b) Total response time)

表3 中心型布局电量及续航里程位置因素的成对比较

Table 3 Paired comparison of battery level and range position factors in central layout

测量指标	位置(I)	位置(J)	平均值差值(I-J)	标准误差	显著性^b	差值的 95%置信区间^b
测量指标	位置(I)	位置(J)	平均值差值(I-J)	标准误差	显著性^b	下限	上限
首次注视时间	d₁	d₂	0.377*	0.112	0.006	0.093	0.662
	d₁	d₃	-0.039	0.129	1.000	-0.365	0.287
	d₂	d₁	-0.377*	0.112	0.006	-0.662	-0.093
	d₂	d₃	-0.416	0.121	0.005	-0.722	-0.111
	d₃	d₁	0.039	0.129	1.000	-0.287	0.365
	d₃	d₂	0.416*	0.121	0.005	-0.111	0.722
总反应时	d₁	d₂	0.446*	0.101	0.000	0.189	0.702
	d₁	d₃	-0.067	0.105	1.000	-0.333	0.200
	d₂	d₁	-0.446*	0.101	0.000	-0.702	-0.189
	d₂	d₃	-0.513*	0.101	0.000	-0.768	-0.257
	d₃	d₁	0.067	0.105	1.000	-0.200	0.333
	d₃	d₂	0.513*	0.101	0.000	0.257	0.768

图9 哑铃型功率位置因素下的首次注视时间和总反应时((a) 首次注视时间；(b) 总反应时) 注：*表示p<0.05。

Fig. 9 First fixation duration and total response time under dumbbell-shaped power position factors ((a) First fixation duration; (b) Total response time)

图10 中心型功率位置因素下的首次注视时间和总反应时((a) 首次注视时间；(b) 总反应时) 注：*表示p<0.05。

Fig. 10 First fixation duration and total response time under centralized power-position factors ((a) First fixation duration; (b) Total response time)

图11 哑铃型档位位置因素下的首次注视时间和总反应时((a) 首次注视时间；(b) 总反应时)

Fig. 11 First fixation duration and total response time under dumbbell-shaped gear position factors ((a) First fixation duration; (b) Total response time)

图12 中心型档位位置因素下的首次注视时间和总反应时((a) 首次注视时间；(b) 总反应时) 注：****表示p<0.000 1。

Fig. 12 First fixation duration and total response time under central gaze position factors ((a) First fixation duration; (b) Total response time)

表4 中心型布局档位位置因素的成对比较

Table 4 Paired comparison of battery level and range position factors in central layout

测量指标	位置(I)	位置(J)	平均值差值(I-J)	标准误差	显著性^b	差值的 95%置信区间^b
测量指标	位置(I)	位置(J)	平均值差值(I-J)	标准误差	显著性^b	下限	上限
首次注视时间	c₂	d₁	-0.639*	0.139	0.000	-1.031	-0.247
		d₂	0.115	0.076	0.834	-0.098	0.328
		d₃	-0.609*	0.134	0.000	-0.987	-0.231
	d₁	c₂	0.639*	0.139	0.000	0.247	1.031
		d₂	0.754*	0.121	0.000	0.413	1.095
		d₃	0.030	0.139	1.000	-0.362	0.422
	d₂	c₂	-0.115	0.076	0.834	-0.328	0.098
		d₁	-0.754*	0.121	0.000	-1.095	-0.413
		d₃	-0.724*	0.124	0.000	-1.072	-0.376
	d₃	c₂	0.609*	0.134	0.000	0.231	0.987
		d₁	-0.030	0.139	1.000	-0.422	0.362
		d₂	0.724*	0.124	0.000	0.376	1.072
总反应时	c₂	d₁	-0.608*	0.112	0.000	-0.923	-0.293
		d₂	0.084	0.107	0.395	-0.040	0.209
		d₃	-0.604*	0.106	0.000	-0.879	-0.329
	d₁	c₂	0.608*	0.112	0.000	0.293	0.923
		d₂	0.692*	0.107	0.000	0.391	0.994
		d₃	0.004	0.106	1.000	-0.295	0.303
	d₂	c₂	-0.084	0.044	0.395	-0.209	0.303
		d₁	-0.692*	0.107	0.000	-0.994	-0.391
		d₃	-0.688*	0.097	0.000	-0.962	-0.415
	d₃	c₂	0.604*	0.098	0.000	0.329	0.879
		d₁	-0.004	0.106	1.000	-0.303	0.295
		d₂	0.688*	0.097	0.000	0.415	0.962

图13 彩色车载仪表界面(部分)

Fig. 13 Colorful in-vehicle instrument interface (partial)

图14 单幅仪表界面色彩聚类结果示例

Fig. 14 Example of color clustering results for a single dashboard interface

图15 RGB坐标散点图((a) 风格主色；(b) 字体色；(c) 背景色；(d) 辅助色)

Fig. 15 RGB coordinate scatter plot ((a) The primary colour of the style; (b) The text colour; (c) The background colour; (d) The accent colour)

图16 色彩聚类结果((a) 风格主色色彩占比图；(b) 辅助色色彩占比图)

Fig. 16 Color clustering results ((a) Main style color proportion chart; (b) Secondary color proportion chart)

图17 布局框架图((a) 哑铃型；(b) 中心型)

Fig. 17 Layout Framework ((a) Dumbbell-shaped; (b) Centralized)

图18 布局方案图((a) 哑铃型；(b) 中心型)

Fig. 18 Layout diagrams ((a) Dumbbell-shaped; (b) Centralised)

图19 哑铃型布局与中心型布局初步设计方案((a) 蓝色系；(b) 蓝绿色系；(c) 橙红色系；(d) 灰白色系)

Fig. 19 Preliminary design scheme for dumbbell-shaped layout and centralized layout ((a) Blue tones; (b) Blue-green tones; (c) Orange-red tones; (d) Grey-white tones)

表5 可用性评价结果

Table 5 Usability evaluation results

序号	问题一	问题二	问题三	问题四	问题五	问题六	问题七	问题八	问题九	问题十	SUS得分
1	4	4	3	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	82.5
2	3	4	4	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	82.5
3	3	4	3	3	3	4	3	4	2	3	80.0
4	3	3	4	3	4	4	4	4	2	4	87.5
5	3	4	4	4	4	3	3	4	3	3	87.5
6	4	3	4	4	4	3	4	4	3	3	90.0
7	3	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	77.5
8	4	3	3	2	4	4	3	4	4	3	85.0
9	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	3	3	77.5
10	3	2	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	70.0
11	3	4	3	2	4	4	3	4	3	3	82.5
12	4	3	3	3	4	4	2	3	4	2	80.0
13	3	3	4	4	3	3	4	4	3	3	85.0
14	4	3	4	3	3	4	4	4	4	3	90.0
15	3	3	3	4	3	4	4	4	3	3	85.0
16	4	4	4	4	3	3	3	4	4	3	90.0
17	3	3	3	3	3	4	3	4	3	2	77.5
18	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	1	2	50.0
19	3	4	3	3	3	4	3	4	3	4	85.0
20	2	2	2	2	1	3	1	3	1	1	45.0
21	3	3	4	3	2	4	3	4	2	3	77.5
22	4	4	4	3	3	4	3	3	4	2	85.0
23	2	1	2	2	2	3	1	3	1	1	45.0
24	4	3	3	2	4	4	3	4	4	3	85.0
25	3	3	4	4	4	3	3	4	3	2	82.5
26	4	4	4	3	3	4	4	3	2	3	85.0
27	4	3	4	3	3	4	4	4	4	3	90.0
28	3	2	4	3	3	4	2	3	4	4	80.0
29	3	3	4	4	4	3	3	4	3	2	82.5
30	3	3	3	3	4	3	3	4	4	3	82.5
平均得分79.40

图20 设计评价实验场景

Fig. 20 Designing experimental scenarios for evaluation

表6 仪表界面形式的描述性统计

Table 6 Descriptive statistics of instrument interface form

测量指标	布局形式	色彩编码	平均值/s	个案数	标准偏差
首次注视时间	B₁	A₁	0.940 3	35	0.323 89
		A₂	0.893 4	35	0.318 71
		A₃	0.837 7	35	0.203 89
		A₄	0.911 1	35	0.233 06
	B₂	A₁	0.578 6	35	0.212 74
		A₂	0.678 9	35	0.212 31
		A₃	0.642 6	35	0.286 57
		A₄	0.647 1	35	0.237 74
	B₁	A₁	2.225 7	35	0.865 78
		A₂	2.119 1	35	0.646 76
		A₃	2.105 1	35	0.620 58
		A₄	2.188 3	35	0.652 46
	B₂	A₁	1.965 7	35	0.587 80
		A₂	1.929 4	35	0.526 63
		A₃	1.951 7	35	0.590 14
		A₄	1.993 7	35	0.557 22

表7 布局形式的成对比较

Table 7 Paired comparison of layout

测量指标	布局(I)	布局(J)	平均值差值(I-J)	标准误差	显著性^b	差值的 95%置信区间^b
测量指标	布局(I)	布局(J)	平均值差值(I-J)	标准误差	显著性^b	下限	上限
首次注视时间	B₁	B2	0.259*	0.026	0.000	0.207	0.311
首次注视时间	B₂	B₁	-0.259*	0.026	0.000	-0.311	-0.207
总反应时	B₁	B₂	0.199*	0.041	0.000	0.116	0.283
总反应时	B₂	B1	-0.199*	0.041	0.000	-0.283	-0.116

图21 设计方案主观偏好

Fig. 21 Subjective preference for design solutions

图22 部分应用中心功能信息表现

Fig. 22 Performance of some application center function information

图23 设计方案应用场景示例

Fig. 23 Examples of application scenarios for design solutions

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