Research on semi-automatic geo-referencing approach in city information modeling

doi:10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2023030616

Abstract

Abstract:

When creating a city information model (CIM), it is often necessary to geo-reference a 3D model that lacks spatial reference in a geographic information system (GIS). Based on a geometric reference point, semi-automatic geo-referencing could be achieved while ensuing accuracy. After the 3D model was imported into the GIS, the local coordinate system (LCS) was transformed to the surface of the geodetic ellipsoid, based on any reference point near the model. Afterwards, the geographic reference point on the 3D model was picked up in the GIS, and the LCS coordinates were calculated according to the current transformation matrix. Combined with the geodetic coordinates of the reference point, the correct transformation matrix of the model could be obtained. If there was no geographic reference point, artificial geo-referencing could be achieved by continuously estimating the geographic reference point based on this approach. The semi-automatic georeferencing approach was realized using Cesium and applied using 3D models from actual projects, demonstrating its feasibility. The above approaches were reliant on the spatial transformation algorithms from the LCS to ECEF (earth-centered earth-fixed) coordinate system using a single reference point. The algorithms were categorized into four types: basic approach, reference point projection approach, origin projection approach, and approximate origin approach, each with distinct features and applicable scenarios. The latter 3 algorithms were applied in the verification process, and based on the calculated results, the influence of the distance between the reference point and the LCS origin on these algorithms was analyzed.

Key words: 3D model, geographic information system, coordinate transform, Cesium, coordinate system, building information model

CLC Number:

P208

WANG Heng-wei, HU Zhen-zhong, ZHAO Yan-lai, ZHONG Jian, CHEN Yi. Research on semi-automatic geo-referencing approach in city information modeling[J]. Journal of Graphics, 2023, 44(3): 616-624.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig. 1 Semi-automatic geo-referencing with a geographic reference point

Fig. 2 Automatic positioning when the model is far from the origin

Fig. 3 Manual geo-referencing without any geographic reference points

Table 1 Classification of algorithms

算法名称	参照点要求	过渡位置原点	最准确点
基础法	LCS原点，大地椭球上	-	参照点/原点
参照点投影法	无	参照点大地投影	参照点
原点投影法	无	LCS原点大地投影	LCS原点
近似原点法	无	近似的LCS原点大地投影	近似的LCS原点

Fig. 4 The basic approach

Fig. 5 The reference point projection approach

Fig. 6 The origin projection approach

Fig. 7 The approximate origin approach

Fig. 8 Structure and usage of the referencing tileset

Fig. 9 Geographic reference point of the tunnel model

Fig. 10 Geographic reference point of the road-bridge model

Fig. 11 Preliminary positioning result of the tunnel model based on the virtual reference point

Fig. 12 Geo-referencing result of the tunnel model

Fig. 13 Preliminary positioning result of the road-bridge model based on the virtual reference point

Fig. 14 Geo-referencing result of the road-bridge model ((a) Reference point projection approach; (b) Origin projection approach; (c) Approximate origin approach)

References 22

[1]	STOJANOVSKI T. City information modeling (CIM) and urbanism: blocks, connections, territories, people and situations[C]// Proceedings of the Symposium on Simulation for Architecture & Urban Design. New York: ACM, 2013: 1-8.
[2]	冷烁, 李孙伟, 胡振中. 基于开源技术的城市地理信息平台构建方法研究[J]. 图学学报, 2020, 41(6): 1001-1011.
	LENG S, LI S W, HU Z Z. Research on establishment of city geographic information platform based on open source technology[J]. Journal of Graphics, 2020, 41(6): 1001-1011. (in Chinese)
[3]	文桥, 张建平, 向雪松, 等. 基于GIS的大型公共建筑轻量级运维管理平台研发与应用[J]. 图学学报, 2019, 40(4): 751-760.
	WEN Q, ZHANG J P, XIANG X S, et al. Development and application of a GIS-based light weight information platform for large-scale public building operation and maintenance[J]. Journal of Graphics, 2019, 40(4): 751-760. (in Chinese)
[4]	WANG H W, HU Z Z, LIN J R. Bibliometric review of visual computing in the construction industry[J]. Visual Computing for Industry, Biomedicine, and Art, 2020, 3(1): 14. DOI
[5]	NOARDO F, HARRIE L, ARROYO OHORI K, et al. Tools for BIM-GIS integration (IFC georeferencing and conversions): results from the GeoBIM benchmark 2019[J]. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2020, 9(9): 502. DOI URL
[6]	ZHU J X, WU P. A common approach to geo-referencing building models in industry foundation classes for BIM/GIS integration[J]. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2021, 10(6): 362. DOI URL
[7]	ZHU J X, WANG J, WANG X Y, et al. An economical approach to geo-referencing 3D model for integration of BIM and GIS[M]//Innovative Production and Construction. Transforming Construction Through Emerging Technologies. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. 2019: 321-334.
[8]	COLUCCI E, DE RUVO V, LINGUA A, et al. HBIM-GIS integration: from IFC to CityGML standard for damaged cultural heritage in a multiscale 3D GIS[J]. Applied Sciences, 2020, 10(4): 1356. DOI URL
[9]	DIAKITE A. About the geo-referencing of BIM models[EB/OL]. [2022-11-19]. https://3d.bk.tudelft.nl/pdfs/18_georeferencing.pdf.
[10]	DIAKITE A A, ZLATANOVA S. Automatic geo-referencing of BIM in GIS environments using building footprints[J]. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 2020, 80: 101453. DOI URL
[11]	UGGLA G, HOREMUZ M. Geographic capabilities and limitations of Industry Foundation Classes[J]. Automation in Construction, 2018, 96: 554-566. DOI URL
[12]	JAUD Š, DONAUBAUER A, HEUNECKE O, et al. Georeferencing in the context of building information modelling[J]. Automation in Construction, 2020, 118: 103211. DOI URL
[13]	万家权. 气象时空大数据三维可视化及其畜牧气象应用研究[D]. 南京: 南京信息工程大学, 2022.
	WAN J Q. Research on 3D visualization of meteorological spatio-temporal big data and its application in animal husbandry meteorology[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 2022. (in Chinese)
[14]	陈继培, 吴剑, 高珅. 基于Cesium的三维地质公园导览系统研发[J]. 地理空间信息, 2022, 20(1): 142-144, 10.
	CHEN J P, WU J, GAO S. Development of 3D geopark guide system based on cesium[J]. Geospatial Information, 2022, 20(1): 142-144, 10. (in Chinese)
[15]	张鹏. 基于CIM技术的城市轨道交通三维可视化监管平台设计与实现[D]. 合肥: 安徽建筑大学, 2022.
	ZHANG P. Design and implementation of 3D visualization supervision platform for urban rail transit based on CIM technology[D]. Hefei: Anhui Jianzhu University, 2022. (in Chinese)
[16]	叶娜, 严昱欣, 张翔, 等. 基于BIM+Cesium三维可视化校园系统的设计与实现[J]. 计算机测量与控制, 2021, 29(1): 140-145.
	YE N, YAN Y X, ZHANG X, et al. Design and implementation of three-dimensional visual campus system based on BIM + cesium[J]. Computer Measurement & Control, 2021, 29(1): 140-145. (in Chinese)
[17]	闫勇, 李彪, 杨化超, 等. 基于Cesium框架的智慧矿山三维可视化应用平台搭建[J]. 矿山测量, 2020, 48(6): 106-109.
	YAN Y, LI B, YANG H C, et al. Construction of 3D visualization platform of smart mine based on Cesium framework[J]. Mine Surveying, 2020, 48(6): 106-109. (in Chinese)
[18]	杨盛华, 郭欣萌, 尹洋, 等. 基于Cesium的机场净空保护区三维可视化管理关键技术[J]. 北京工业职业技术学院学报, 2022, 21(1): 30-35.
	YANG S H, GUO X M, YIN Y, et al. On key technology of 3D visualization management of airport clearance reserve based on cesium[J]. Journal of Beijing Polytechnic College, 2022, 21(1): 30-35. (in Chinese)
[19]	方孟元, 罗年学, 许毅, 等. 基于Cesium的BIM与实景三维模型集成可视化研究[J]. 测绘地理信息, 2022, 47(2): 111-114.
	FANG M Y, LUO N X, XU Y, et al. Research on integrated visualization of BIM and real-scene 3D model based on cesium[J]. Journal of Geomatics, 2022, 47(2): 111-114. (in Chinese)
[20]	谈琼, 张涛, 丁乐乐, 等. 基于Cesium的多源三维数据可视化与分析平台设计与开发[J]. 测绘与空间地理信息, 2022, 45(6): 120-123.
	TAN Q, ZHANG T, DING L L, et al. Design and development of platform for multiple 3D data visualization and analysis based on cesium[J]. Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology, 2022, 45(6): 120-123. (in Chinese)
[21]	CHEN Y Q, SHOORAJ E, RAJABIFARD A, et al. From IFC to 3D tiles: an integrated open-source solution for visualising BIMs on cesium[J]. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2018, 7(10): 393. DOI URL
[22]	XU Z, ZHANG L, LI H, et al. Combining IFC and 3D tiles to create 3D visualization for building information modeling[J]. Automation in Construction, 2020, 109: 102995. DOI URL