Abstract: Immersive Virtual Environments (IVEs) bring more realistic immersion and in-person experience to 3D scenes. Besides, 360-degree panoramic images are imperative for the effective creation of immersive environment backgrounds. Panoramic Fluid Painting (PFP) introduces a novel creative tool for panoramic painting with fluid dynamics. In this paper, the applicability of virtual reality technologies was investigated in the field of fluid painting. Specifically, the user testing method, operation log analysis, post-hoc questionnaire, and interview were employed to study the usability of the PFP system in virtual reality environments. Then, the operation log was investigated to facilitate procedural analysis. All testers believe that the usability of the system was no lower than the average level, and even a novice user can use the system to complete the creation of fluid painting pieces. The users primarily held positive opinions on the function and effects of the system, insisting that such interaction methods of the handle would enhance the expression of artistic creation. The methods and results of the research would provide a reference for the development and evaluation of similar systems. 

Key words:  , usability, effectiveness, user experience, virtual reality, fluid art