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30 June 2010, Volume 31 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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A Survey on Applications of Implicit Surfaces to 3D Plant Modeling WEN Wei-liang, GUO Xin-yu, LU Sheng-lian, ZHAO Chun-jiang 2010, 31(3): 1-10.  Abstract ( 129 )   PDF (713KB) ( 269 )   The fundamental ideas and key techniques in 3D plant modeling using implicit surfaces are analyzed in detail, including BlobTree, blending, precise contact modeling, convolution surfaces based on line segment primitive with polynomial density distribution and plant texture generation. In addition, visualization methods for implicit models are summarized. Finally, some discussions to the future work in this field are provided. Related Articles | Metrics

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Figure Classification and Application Research of the Point Locus on Planetary Gear WANG Hong-xin, LI Ai-jun 2010, 31(3): 11-14.  Abstract ( 112 )   PDF (574KB) ( 179 )   Locus figures of the point on the planetary gear distinguish regular from irregular figures and they all have corresponding application value. Basic relation of figure classification is got by setting up locus equation of the point on the planetary and letting one to three order differentials of one coordinate on one position all be zero. The design conditions of the regular polygons with the same side and regular polygons with the same angle and recurrence spiral with many rings and adjacent convolution with loop are put forward. It provides a theoretical basis for designing the regular figures and high order intermittent mechanisms at one limit position or two limit positions with a single stroke and many strokes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Matter Element Network Representation in Innovative Reasoning TANG Yi-ming, LIU Xiao-ping 2010, 31(3): 15-21.  Abstract ( 117 )   PDF (513KB) ( 160 )   It is a key problem in conceptual design nowadays to appropriately carry through function representation and innovative reasoning. The concept of matter element network is proposed, which combines semantic network with matter element representation, and matter element network representation and its innovative reasoning mechanism are also introduced. By experiment compared with semantic network and matter element representation, it is proved that matter element network representation is able to better deal with function representation, extension and association, and to better promote the process of innovative reasoning. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Technology of Collision Detection and Its Application in Visual Simulation of Bridge YUAN Li-na, ZHAO Gui-bin 2010, 31(3): 21-26.  Abstract ( 118 )   PDF (426KB) ( 188 )   Collision detection and its optimization is the very important technology in visual simulation. Based on the discussion of collision detection, an overview of the algorithm classification for collision detection and methods of collision detection optimization are presented. The collision detection algorithm can be classified into the time domain and space domain methods. Optimization methods of collision detection are discussed to reduce the computing time and complexity. The evaluation has been given by application to the visual simulation of bridge collision detection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Program Design for Parametric Modeling of Archimedes Worm (ZA) Based on AutoCAD ANG Xue-ye, GUAN Li-na, DING Jian-mei 2010, 31(3): 27-31.  Abstract ( 128 )   PDF (641KB) ( 236 )   AutoCAD is used as development environment to model Archimedes worm (ZA). Worm blank and cutter models are drawn with the drawing commands provided by AutoCAD. Worm is generated through simulation of the worm generation in machining using the commands including move, rotate and subtract. Program design of 3D parameterized modeling is developed with Autolisp language. The 3D model of Archimedes worm can be automatically generated with load of wlwg.isp program and input of the number of modulus and teeth and other parameters from users. The operation is simple and the design efficiency is improved greatly. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Module Design of Engineering Drawing for Injection Mould Electrode Based on Pro/ENGINEER LIU Bin, ZHAO Chun-zhen, LIU Rong-liang 2010, 31(3): 32-39.  Abstract ( 107 )   PDF (551KB) ( 182 )   Facing to the development of injection mould electrode CAD system, the secondary development tool of Pro/TOOLKIT and MFC dialog technology are used under the VC++6.0 compiling environment. The module of automatic generation of engineering drawing for injection mould electrode is realized and the design efficiency of injection mould electrode is improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Cut and Fit Method for Geometric Constraint Solution ZHAO Chen, LIN Qiang, WU Juan, LUO Qiu-ke 2010, 31(3): 40-46.  Abstract ( 150 )   PDF (466KB) ( 243 )   The complete collateral and serial strategies, called the cut and fit method, are presented to solve the geometric constraint problem based on the directed graph theory. By introducing this idea into the parametric CAD, the range of geometric automatic construction is extended. Furthermore, the algorithm also shows the significant performance for the design of the intelligent dynamic geometric software. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of Three Dimensional Parametric CAD System for the Mixing Equipments LI Yu-lin, WU Wei-zhong, WU Qun-xiong, LIU De-bo 2010, 31(3): 47-51.  Abstract ( 106 )   PDF (369KB) ( 184 )   In order to carry on the process calculation, the type-selection and the design flow standardization for the mixing equipments, a kind of CAD system for these equipments is researched. The functional requirements and the standardized design flow are analyzed firstly. Then the system architecture is established combined with knowledge database and 3D parameterized technique. The structure of database is given and other technologies for system’s realization are also described. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of Three Dimensional Modeling System for Non-Circular Gears GAO Xue-qiang, CUI Zhen-yong, XIANG Qi-xing 2010, 31(3): 52-56.  Abstract ( 136 )   PDF (762KB) ( 312 )   Design and calculation of non-circular gears based on non-circular pitch curves are more complex than circular gear’s. Because of variety of tooth shape, non-circular gears can not be used to model by arraying, mirroring and other methods. The current three-dimensional mechanical CAD software cannot directly model non-circular gears. Using Visual Basic language to carry on secondary development of SolidEdge, it can realize the function of root cutting check, convexity check and pressure angle calculation, can establishe a three-dimensional modeling system of non-circular gears, can provide a method of three-dimensional modeling parametric design for the non-circular gears. The generated gears can be used for assembly design, motion simulation and computer-assisted teaching, etc. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Kind of Parametric Transform for Trimmed Surfaces YANG Sheng, YONG Jun-hai 2010, 31(3): 57-61.  Abstract ( 98 )   PDF (393KB) ( 161 )   An approach for a kind of parametric transform is presented for trimmed parametric surfaces. Firstly, the characteristics of trimmed surface before and after parametric transform are evaluated. Then, an algorithm is proposed to adjust the geometric and topological data of a trimmed surface in order to achieve consistency. At last, the trimmed sphere surface is taken as example to further illustrate the algorithm. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Antialiasing Algorithm of Color Line Based on Screen Background Color KANG Feng-e, KONG Ling-de 2010, 31(3): 62-67.  Abstract ( 147 )   PDF (797KB) ( 246 )   The drawing of realistic graphics often deals with the antialiasing of color line on the background taken from the real world. The effect of antialiasing is not only with the foreground, but also with background. The fact of antialiasing is the merge from the foreground to background color. The calculation formula of adjacent pixel color consists of both foreground color and background color. It is proposed that antialiasing algorithm of color line expands the Wu Anti-aliasing algorithm to a level of background, deepening the antialiasing theory. Related Articles | Metrics

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Visualization of 3D Clouds Driven by Cloud-map Data XU Jiang-bin, ZHAO Jian, YANG Chao, WU Ling-da 2010, 31(3): 68-75.  Abstract ( 207 )   PDF (532KB) ( 239 )   Cloud maps are the most frequently acquired sources nowadays because they contain very useful meteorological information. So the cloud maps are used as input to drive the simulation of 3D clouds. Using gray level co-occurrence matrix and fractal theory, the texture feature of cloud maps are extracted, basic cloud types are classified, and so the distribution feature of cloud scene is retrieved. The coarse distribution is mapped to the surface of the earth to produce basic parameters of atmosphere. With these basic parameters of atmosphere, CML method is used to generate 3D cloud density distribution, then 3D clouds are rendered onto the spherical surface cover the earth. The auto analysis of Fengyun2 cloud maps and visualization of 3D cloud scene on digital earth are realized. Related Articles | Metrics

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GPU Volume Rendering for 3D Non-uniform Rectilinear Grid YUAN Bin 2010, 31(3): 76-83.  Abstract ( 107 )   PDF (491KB) ( 203 )   Because the GPU technology is developed quickly, so it can be used to speed the process of visualization. Three algorithms for non-uniform rectilinear grid, which include CPU raycasting based on uniform auxiliary grid, GPU raycasting based on auxiliary texture, and 3D texture volume rendering based on slices, are provided in this paper. The algorithms are tested with Nvidia Geforce 6800GT card. It is shown that the GPU algorithm is far faster than CPU algorithm, and the 3D volume rendering is faster than GPU raycasting. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Three-Dimensional Landscape Simulation Method of Line Structures ZHOU Xiao-ping, Lü Xi-kui, LIU Bo-hang 2010, 31(3): 84-87.  Abstract ( 113 )   PDF (490KB) ( 173 )   The lines (or road-lines) are formed by many structures, so the structures’ three-dimensional landscape simulation is an important part of the line landscape simulation. OpenGL modeling capability is not strong enough, so the new line structure modeling method is proposed based on external 3DS models. The structures’ database is established and an effective management of the models is achieved based on Visual C + + and Oracle database. The problem of exactly matching and controlling between structure models and line three-dimensional scene is also solved, and then high reality of three-dimensional line landscape is reached. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Registration of Triangulation-based Outdoor Agumented Reality System HUANG You-qun, HU Chao-bo, LI Zhi-peng 2010, 31(3): 88-93.  Abstract ( 115 )   PDF (526KB) ( 168 )   The key technology of Augmented Reality (AR) is 3D registration, that is to compute the virtual-real synthesis parameters based on real scenes. In order to expand the outdoor application of AR, a triangulation-based registration method is proposed to reduce the computational complexity of virtual-real synthesis by constructing the triangulation on the main object of the real scene. It depends on neither the marker used in indoor application nor the sensing technology used in outdoor application. Taking terrain as an example, it can get the 3D information through single frame instead of two different frames in the past and can quickly finish the virtual-real synthesis. This method provides a new approach to solve the key technology of outdoor AR systems. Related Articles | Metrics

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Offset Algorithm and Its Applications of B-Spline Curves ZHU Chao-yan, CHEN Xiao-diao 2010, 31(3): 94-100.  Abstract ( 127 )   PDF (569KB) ( 323 )   The proper topology structure is a key factor of the offset algorithm of a curve. An offset algorithm of B-spline curves is presented based on the key points on the offset curve. Firstly, the key points are computed by using self-adaptive sampling technique, then the self-intersected segments are discarded, and the proper topology structure is ensured. The algorithm has been applied in the business software OpenCAD. Related Articles | Metrics

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Precise Drawing of High-order Equation Surface for TV Screen DING Guang-wen, WU Sheng-qiang 2010, 31(3): 101-103.  Abstract ( 129 )   PDF (439KB) ( 204 )   Curves and surfaces are often used in the product design. High-order equation surface, such as Z=f (x, y), is difficult to draw in 3D CAD software. A method that can rapidly and accurately draw high-order equation surface is introduced. It uses MATLAB to calculate the point matrix, saves the matrix to Notepod, transfers the data to *.ibl format which can be recognized by Pro/E, and applies Pro/E to generate and optimize the surface. This method can widen the ranges of surface design in Pro/E. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Improved Image Segmentation Algorithm by Combining Morphology of Multi-Structural Element and Mutual Information LI Gang, HE Yu-yao, ZHAO Yan 2010, 31(3): 104-106.  Abstract ( 104 )   PDF (577KB) ( 216 )   A new segmentation method is proposed, in which morphology of multi-direction structuring elements is combined with mutual information technique. Initial threshold can be chosen by using maximal distances between classes and morphology of multi-direction structuring elements, and in the iteration process, an optimal threshold will be determined by maximizing mutual information between segmented and original image. It is applied to segmenting pavement images. The experimental results indicate that this revised algorithm has not only a good ability to segment the image, but also a strong ability to suppress the noise in the image. Moreover, it can provide good image processing speed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Improving Reconstruction Image Quality of Computer-Synthesized Hologram with Eliminating Zero-Order Diffraction and Circular-Shift LIU Min, YANG Guang-lin, XIE Hai-yan 2010, 31(3): 109-112.  Abstract ( 142 )   PDF (484KB) ( 186 )   After analyzing the reconstructed image quality of the computer-synthesized hologram (CSH), a method to improve the reconstructed image quality of the CSH is provided. The zero-order diffraction will decrease the contrast of reconstructed image, while the cyclic shift effect of twice Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) will shift the twin image’s last row and last column to the first row and first column, respectively. Burch’s method is adopted to eliminate the zero-order diffraction, while the pixel location is adjusted to eliminate the virtual image cyclic shift, the original image of CSH can be reconstructed accurately. This method is effectively proved by experiments. Related Articles | Metrics

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Obstruction Avoiding Path Generation Algorithm Considering Physical Features LUO Yue-tong, WANG Xiao-jing, QU De-qing, JI Hao, LIU Xiao-ping 2010, 31(3): 113-116.  Abstract ( 115 )   PDF (458KB) ( 210 )   Obstruction avoiding path generation algorithm has wide application in many fields such as simulation and game. Because physical features, such as obstruction’s size, moving object’s size and turn radius, have closed relations with obstruction avoiding path, the paper presents an obstruction avoiding path generation algorithm by considering physical features. By taking use of advantages of cubic hermit spline, the presented algorithm not only can ensure C2 continuity of the newly generated path itself, but also can ensure G1 continuity between newly generated path and the original path. This presented algorithm has been applied in some 3D War Simulation System, and the simulation result is satisfactory. Related Articles | Metrics

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A New Multiquadric Quasi-Interpolation CHEN Rong-hua,HAN Xu-li, WU Zong-min 2010, 31(3): 117-121.  Abstract ( 120 )   PDF (456KB) ( 205 )   Multiquadric(MQ) is a kind of radial basis function developed by Hardy. So far, it has been used to many realms, such as geodesy and numerical solution of differential equations. Up till now, there are known four kinds of multiquadric quasi-interpolation, namely, LA、LB and LC raised by Beatson and Powell and LD by Wu and Schaback, in which, LB is constant reproducing, LC and LD are linear reproducing. Here, firstly, the properties possessed by the basis functions of a quasi-interpolation in the form of LD are given when this quasi-interpolation is linear reproducing. Then, a multiquadric quasi-interpolation is constructed which has the properties of linear reproducing and preserving monotonicity. Moreover, the theoretical analysis to its approximation error is shown. Lastly, the effect is illustrated by two examples. The numerical results indicate that this quasi-interpolation possesses high approximation precision. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of the Computational Methods for the Space Conic Projective Reconstruction ZHANG Zheng-wu 2010, 31(3): 122-126.  Abstract ( 120 )   PDF (467KB) ( 274 )   The interpretation of conic by use of points and lines correspondence on the conic or use of the conic optical flows is more complicated, because it must find the optimum solution of multivariant equations. The space conic is represented as the complete intersection of a quadric surface and a plane, and two independent polynomial conditions for a corresponding pair of conics are presented in this paper. The polynomial conditions are inferred by use of the base curve. On the basis of study, the computational methods and the computational procedure of the projective reconstruction of a space conic are derived. The results of example show that the algorithms are more utility and reliable than traditional algorithms. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Interference Index Algorithm for Calculating 2D Profile Boolean Operation Set CAO Wen-jie, HU De-ji 2010, 31(3): 127-130.  Abstract ( 112 )   PDF (424KB) ( 351 )   An algorithm for calculating Boolean operation set of 2D profile based on interference index is proposed. Firstly the interference index of each segment of 2D profile is calculated, then the result Boolean operation set such as union, intersection or difference can be obtained by selecting different segment of the profile according to their interference index. This algorithm is more efficient. All of the Boolean operation result set can be obtained just by one time calculation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Notion and Algorithm of Pseudo Hyperbolic Hull CHEN Shu-ping, WANG Yang, SONG Cui-e 2010, 31(3): 131-136.  Abstract ( 100 )   PDF (528KB) ( 144 )   The notion of pseudo hyperbolic hull is posed which is the convex hull passing through the ideal line (infinite line). The topological homeomorphism is used to definite the notion of the projective convex hull and the pseudo hyperbolic hull. And the projective transformation from the classical convex hull to the pseudo hyperbolic hull is analyzed with the orientable advantage of the positive plane in the oriented projective geometry. A real-time algorithm of constructing the pseudo hyperbolic hull in Euclidean plane is made to find the straight-line cluster between two regions. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Fundamental Equation Set of Orthogonal Axonometric Projections and Its Applications WANG Bo-nian, WANG Hong-guang, GE Chang-qing 2010, 31(3): 137-141.  Abstract ( 90 )   PDF (426KB) ( 160 )   Based on the basic concepts and characters of projections, coordinate systems and vectors, the set of fundamental equations formed by 4 constrained equations for orthogonal axonometric projection can be derived concisely. For 6 parameters of orthogonal axonometric projections, 2 parameters should be given firstly, and the other 4 parameters can be solved by the set of fundamental equations. For the all cases of giving 2 parameters, the solving equations of other parameters are derived correctly, and they are justified by numerical calculations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Surface Analysis Method and Its Application in Free-form Surface Modeling Teaching FENG Gao-hua 2010, 31(3): 142-147.  Abstract ( 110 )   PDF (731KB) ( 232 )   Free-form surface modeling is not only a difficulty work in teaching but also a weak spot for many 3D modeling workers. Through summarizing free-form surface formation laws, the basic methods of free-form surface modeling and surface analysis are introduced. Taking surface analysis method as the core, the key knowledge and contents, which the teaching of free-form surface modeling would be faced, are puts forward from the view of software applications rather than software development. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Preliminary Probe into Aesthetics Thinking in Engineering Graphics Teaching MAO Xin, HUANG Ying, NA Lü-hong, LIU Yang 2010, 31(3): 148-154.  Abstract ( 97 )   PDF (669KB) ( 233 )   Taking the aesthetics theory and teaching art theory as guidance, combining practical teaching experience, the aesthetic characteristics of graphic and identical character and the existing form of beauty in engineering graphics teaching are put forward. The beauty of symmetry, succinctness, strangeness in teaching contents is discussed in detail. The beauty of lack and regret, harmonious and accomplishment in teaching art is discussed from unique angle of view. Some questions to be attended in the environment of modern teaching technology are put forward in the beauty of harmonious and main quality of teaching ability of university teachers are involved in the four respects of accomplishment beauty. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Conditions of Non-Structure Surfaces in the Enabled Configuration Views with Two-Side-Multi-Frame Structures ZHOU Zong-tuan, CAO Min, CHEN Xiang-he 2010, 31(3): 155-160.  Abstract ( 98 )   PDF (829KB) ( 215 )   The conditions of non-structure surfaces in the enabled configuration views with two-side-multi-frame are studied. It is concluded that if the symmetrical similar-frame exists in the enabled configuration views with two-side-multi-frame, then the symmetrical similar-frame is the two non-structure surfaces in 3D shape. Corresponding similar-frame is a non-structure surface in 3D shape if there are not the common-plane point groups in this figure. Corresponding similar-frame is a forbidden surface in 3D shape when there are the common planes point group in the frames (non- triangle) and having a line of the frame intersecting or incline from the common planes point group. If one projection straight line corresponds to a closed-frame, and the line of frame does not coincide with part appearing on common planes point group in the frames, then the closed areas are a non-structure surface in 3D shape. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and Practice on Design Graphics Course Reform for Training Innovation Ability LI Dong-mei, ZHANG Chi-zhong, ZHANG Yao-juan, ZHANG Yun-feng 2010, 31(3): 161-164.  Abstract ( 157 )   PDF (426KB) ( 467 )   Design Graphics is an important basic course in specialty of Industrial Design. The idea of “The main guide line is the design representation, meanwhile the training of innovation ability is the teaching purpose” is presented for the course reform. The new course system, new teaching mode and new assessment system are described. The practice shows that this teaching reform provides the effective way to improve students’ innovation ability and benefits to train new type of design talents. Related Articles | Metrics

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Method of Separating 3D Truss Structure Drawings and Extracting Intersection Data CAO Jian-fu, SUN Yuan-jia 2010, 31(3): 165-171.  Abstract ( 128 )   PDF (536KB) ( 162 )   Facing cutting of multi-pipe intersection curve, a method for 3D truss structure drawing separating and pipe data extracting is presented. Firstly the whole structure with 3D surface is separated into a series of basic elements. Secondly the corresponding parameters of all pipes are obtained by analyzing and calculating of elements. Computational method of pipe intersection parameters for cutting intersection curve is presented. The method is feasible and valid proved by cutting on the 6 axis CNC pipe cutting machine. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Methods of Interference Detection and Assembly Sequence Planning Based on Boundary Extrusion WEI Feng, DUAN Peng, GONG Qi 2010, 31(3): 172-175.  Abstract ( 104 )   PDF (465KB) ( 196 )   Interference detection and assembly sequence planning are the key technologies in virtual assembly. Detection of interference by using discrete trajectory is the general algorithm, but the size of every movement step is difficult to decide. A detection method based on boundary extrusion is proposed. It is continuous detection rather than discrete interference detection, thus it reduces the calculation time and improves the efficiency. The assembly sequence can be obtained with the interference detection algorithm. Practice shows that the methods are effective. Related Articles | Metrics

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Knowledge Worker Oriented Personal Information Management Model CHEN Ming-xuan, ZHOU Ming-jun, TIAN Feng, DAI Guo-zhong 2010, 31(3): 176-186.  Abstract ( 126 )   PDF (648KB) ( 269 )   In order to allow knowledge workers to manage their personal information flexibly, sequentially and intelligently, a model for managing personal information model is proposed. First, the features of the knowledge workers for managing personal information are analyzed. Next, the architecture of the model is provided and the structure of it is described. Some tag-based, personal-information recommendation methods are introduced later. Finally, the evaluation results of the overall system show that the model could meet the knowledge workers’ requirements for managing personal information. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Fast Enumeration Algorithm on Stable Marriage Matching Problem SONG Xu-dong, JI Xiu-hua 2010, 31(3): 187-192.  Abstract ( 136 )   PDF (407KB) ( 334 )   The stable matching problem is one of the typical problems in the algorithm theory. The stable marriage matching problem is a model which can be used to solve the problem about bipartite graph matching. In this paper the stable marriage matching problem is introduced briefly, and the basic idea and property of the Gale-Shapley algorithm are described. And then a quick enumeration algorithm based on preorder traversal of forest is designed for quickly enumerating all the stable matching results. A theorem and its inference are derived from the property of the Gale-Shapley algorithm. The algorithm is further improved and optimized by utilizing the inference. The execution time of the original algorithm is improved in specified conditions where the inference is satisfied. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Implementation of Asymmetric Clothoid Curve Based on AutoCAD PAN Xiao-ming, ZHANG Yong, KONG Juan 2010, 31(3): 193-196.  Abstract ( 126 )   PDF (361KB) ( 276 )   Asymmetric clothoid curve is a constituent element of highway or railway horizontal alignment. Based on asymmetric clothoid curve equation and the principal point calculation with formula, using AutoLISP programming language nested in the AutoCAD, drawing of asymmetrical clothoid curve is achieved accurately. According to the characteristics of asymmetric clothoid curve, the drawing method is to draw clothoid curve first and then circular curve, thus too many conversions of user coordinate system can be avoided to make the drawing method more universal. The practice shows that the accuracy and efficiency of drawing can meet the requirement of application. Related Articles | Metrics

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How to Get the Coordinates of Unknown-Points by CAD/CAM Software in NC Programming WU Sheng-qiang, ZHAO Xiao-dong, PU Jun-guo 2010, 31(3): 197-199.  Abstract ( 103 )   PDF (410KB) ( 183 )   Because it is easy to make mistake and more complex by using commonly used unknown-points algorithm, a new method about how to get coordinates of unknown-points are proposed. Some functions in CAD/CAM software are used to solve this problem, such as size dimensioning, measuring and target catch, etc. A lot of examples are given to introduce the operating step of the methods. Compared with commonly used method, the new method is rather simple, precise and convenient. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Reformation of Commonly Used Drawing Tools YU Xi-fa, SHAO Li-kang, WANG Jing 2010, 31(3): 200-204.  Abstract ( 159 )   PDF (542KB) ( 267 )   Drawing technology is an important branch of engineering graphics, and its task is to improve the internal and external quality of products based on advanced drawing technology. The reformation and development of drawing tools and drawing methods are studied. The shortcomings of commonly used drawing tools, such as drawing board, T-square, triangle ruler and protractor etc., are analyzed and corresponding reform schemes from materials, safety, ergonomics and other aspects are proposed. This reform is positive not only for its practicability but also for its environment-friendly and sustainable development. Related Articles | Metrics